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Biodiversity Heritage Library - Program news and collection highlights from BHL
BHL News, Blog Reel

BHL at TDWG 2013 Annual Conference

View Full Size ImageThe TDWG 2013 Annual Conference has kicked off in Florence, Italy and will run through November 1, 2013.  We are very pleased to announce that BHL will be hosting a Symposium today, Monday, October 28, at 14:00 CEST.

The symposium, entitled “Crafting the Future of a Global Biodiversity Heritage Library for Diverse Communities’ Needs,” will be led by BHL Program Director Martin Kalfatovic and will feature a panel of key members of the BHL-Global, including William Ulate, Trish Rose-Sandler, Jiři Frank, Lucy Waringi, and Connie Rinaldo.

The symposium will focus on strategies for creating, expanding and maintaining a multinational digital library programme; digitisation platforms, standards and services; creating value-added features for discipline-specific communities; use of social media and outreach to increase use and build new audiences; and migration from projects to sustainable programmes.  Panel members will deliver presentations from their perspectives as project-, country-, and continent- collaborators on the Biodiversity Heritage Library, sharing their experiences and promoting a discussion on next steps to improve strategies for meeting the needs of scientists.

The TDWG conference is an annual meeting of the international organization Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), also known as the Taxonomic Databases Working Group.  TDWG has a successful track record of fostering international collaborations around biodiversity technology projects and currently focuses on the development of standards for exchanging biodiversity data.

We are looking forward to productive and informative discussions with attendees at today’s Symposium and throughout the TDWG conference!

 

October 28, 2013by sayeedmd
Blog Reel, Featured Books

Book of the Week: Biologia Centrali-Americana : Reptilia and Batrachia

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The total number of known amphibian
 species is approximately 7,000, 
of which nearly 90% are frogs. 
Image: Venture Galleries

My first encounter with an amphibian was the all but loveable Kermit the frog from Sesame Street. While reptiles and amphibians are not warm and cuddly like Kermit, these ectothermic vertebrates (cold-blooded) are incredibly interesting. Some of them breathe through their damp skin. They are incredible predators.  Most species have super sensitive hearing that can detect airborne or ground vibrations, and their tongues are super muscular.

Pop culture has embraced reptiles and amphibians portraying them in humorous roles and as villains including the vocal frogs from the commercial for Budweiser beer, Nagini from Harry Potter, Kaa from the Jungle Book, Jafar from Aladdin, Tic Tock from Peter Pan, and the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
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The first reptiles are believed to have evolved 
around 320 million years ago.
Amphibians and reptiles are incredibly important to global biodiversity. Dramatic declines have been measured across the globe since the late 1980s and indicate critical threats. There are groups trying to do something about this including the Amphibian Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union, Amphibian Ark, Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation PARC, and the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project among others.

Pioneers in the documentation of these creatures were Frederick Godman and Osbert Salvin  the authors of Biologia Centrali-Americana : Reptilia and Batrachia, one volume in a 63 volume set called Biologia Centrali-Americana. Godman and Osbert set out to create the most comprehensive account of the flora and fauna of Mexico and Central America by hiring many local experts to collect specimens for study. They published the set over the course of 36 years.

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Certain frogs can jump up to 20 times 
 their own body length in a single leap.

The entire set includes over 900 illustrations. Published between 1879-1915, Biologia Centrali-Americana : Reptilia and Batrachia, focuses on retiles and amphibians and is key to early discoveries in print of a variety of  species.

One critically endangered species, Godman and Osbert wrote about is the Costa Rican Variable Harlequin Toad (Atelopus varius), also known as the clown frog, is a neo-tropical true toad. They feed on small arthropods and their colorful appearance serves as a warning to potential predators of their toxicity of their skin, which contains a neurotoxin.

Micrurus nigrocinctus is also known as the Central American coral snake. This venomous snake lives between southern Mexico to northwestern Colombia. They can be recognized by their color pattern, which varies from two-colored to three-colored with black, yellow and red banding. They are non-aggressive Caecilians that feed on other snakes, small lizards, amphibians, and invertebrates. Their venom contains a strong neurotoxin, causing neuromuscular dysfunction.
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Nearly all reptiles lay shelled eggs.


Browse through more of the illustrations from the book of the week in the BHL Flickr here.

Learn more about other reptiles and amphibians by reading the book. This set has been covered before in the BHL blog. Read more about it here.

References:
Amphibians of Panama. (n.d.). Atelopus varius. Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved from  http://eol.org/pages/330754/overview
Amphibians of Panama. (n.d.). Atelopus varius Lichtenstein and von Martens 1856. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved from http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/amphibians/en/species/12/
Andrew, Elise. (14 September 2013). Untitled. I [Freaking] Love Science. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/IFeakingLoveScience

Unknown. (n.d.). Micrurus nigrocinctus black-banded Coral Snake. Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved from http://eol.org/pages/1055826/details

Unknown. (n.d.). Fun Reptile Facts for Kids. Science Kids. Retrieved from http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/animals/reptile.html 

October 24, 2013by gworthey
BHL News, Blog Reel

BHL at the Eighth Meeting of European Bird Curators

BHL recently participated in the 8th Meeting of European Bird Curators, held in Prague, October 3-5, 2013.

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Porphyrio poliocephalus.
From: A history of the birds of Europe.
London: Published by the Author, 1871-1881.
biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38625561

Alison Harding, of the Natural History Museum in London, delivered a presentation entitled “BHL: The Vast Library of Life.”  The presentation provided an overview of the Biodiversity Heritage Library and showcased the tools and resources which BHL offers as a free, open access project.

Many attendees were already familiar with BHL and were very complimentary about the ongoing progress of the BHL consortium. Overall, BHL’s participation in the conference was a wonderful experience, providing opportunities to interact directly with some of our users and to gather feedback and answer their questions.

October 22, 2013by brooksm
Blog Reel, Featured Books

National Fossil Day : Eurypterus remipes

Do you know your state flower or bird? What about your state fossil? It is okay if you know the first two and not the third. Many don’t know their state fossil. There’s no better time to discover it than today — National Fossil Day.

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Eurypterus could swim as fast as 9.8 to 13 feet per second, which is slightly faster than a sea otter or sea turtle.

The state of New York has a pretty amazing fossil. It’s Eurypterus remipes also known as the giant sea scorpion. They existed over 400 million years ago and thrived in warm, shallow marine environments in the Middle and Late Paleozoic. This extinct relative of the modern king crab was adopted as the State fossil in 1984. The species designation “remipes” is from Latin meaning “oar” and “foot. What I find especially intriguing about them is that they are one of the first animal groups to venture from sea to land. 
 
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This is a comparison of an average adult human male 5.6 ft with the average Eurypterus remipes length 7.9 inches and the largest known Eurypterus remipes fossil 4 feet 3 inches. Image from Wikipedia.
 
Eurypterus are the most commonly found genus fossil of eurypterids because during the Silurian period when the second super continent was being formed, they rapidly colonized Euramerica. This invasive species became the dominant eurypterid. Eurypterus was both a predator and hunter. While it is not entirely known what they dined on, sources speculate that they had a healthy diet of trilobites, cephalopods, and worms. 
The largest  Eurypterus remipes fossil ever found was 4 foot 3 inches long that is more than half of the height of a average human man which is 5 foot 6 inches. You can see the specimen on display at the Paleontological Research Institution in Ithaca, New York. 
Rev. H. N. Hutchinson writes about giant species that no longer exist in Extinct monsters and creatures of other days : a popular account of some of the larger forms of ancient animal life.  J. Smit, Alice B. Woodward, J. Green, Charles Knight, and others bring them to life through detailed illustrations. In this book, you can also learn about sea lizard, fish lizards, giant sloths, mastodons, great sea serpents, and the dragons of old time … dinosaurs.
Hutchinson’s excitement can be felt through his writing as he describes these long gone species. Here Hutchinson talks about the sea scorpion species, “What curious animals they must have been, using the same limbs for walking, holding their prey, and eating!”

 

 
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Adult Eurypterus migrated en masse to shore areas in order to mate, lay eggs, and molt. Image from Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History.
 
Check out the beautiful illustrations from the book here.
Also, learn all about fossils at the National Museum of Natural History’s FossiLab here.

References:

Knight, PhD.,  Graham. (n.d.). The story of one man’s plight to make fossils swim.  Retrieved from http://gknight.tripod.com/
Merck, Jr., John W. (31 October 2007). Eurypterids, arachnids, and the arthropod invasion of the land. University of Maryland. Retrieve from http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/bsci392/lecture25/lecture25.html
Share, Dr. Jack. (31 May 2012). The Eurypterid “Eurypterus remipes” is the Official Fossil of the State of New York: Part I – Evolution, Phylogeny, Morphology and Tectonics. Retrieved from http://written-in-stone-seen-through-my-lens.blogspot.com/2012/05/eurypterus-remipes-official-fossil-of.html
Share, Dr. Jack. (29 June 2012). The Eurypterid “Eurypterus remipes” is the Official Fossil of the State of New York: Part III – The R.A. Langheinrich Museum of Paleontology in Eastern Central New York. Retrieved from http://written-in-stone-seen-through-my-lens.blogspot.com/2012/06/eurypterid-eurypterus-remipes-is_29.html
Unknown. (n.d.). Eurypterus remipes NPL4415. Texas Natural Science Center: Non-vertebrate Paleontology, The University of Texas. Retrieved from http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/npl/exhibits/eurypterus.html

 

Unknown. (27 April 2009). New York State Fossil – Eurypterus Remipes. New York State Library. Retrieved from http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/fossil.htm

October 16, 2013by lgarvey
Blog Reel, User Stories

Taxonomic research on Southeast Asian land snails

Portrait version of the Biodiversity Heritage Library logo.

As part of our regular BHL and Our Users series, we’re pleased to introduce Barna Páll-Gergely, a PhD student in the Department of Biology at Shinshu University in Japan.  Barna has had a lifelong interest in shells and land snails and has graciously agreed to answer some questions about how BHL has impacted his research.

BHL and Our Users: Barna Páll-Gergely

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What is your title, institutional affiliation, and area of interest?
I graduated from University of Pécs, a Hungarian university, and am now a PhD student in Japan, at Matsumoto, Shinshu University.  I am interested in the taxonomy and evolution of some land snail groups, mainly from South-east Asia.

How long have you been in your field of study?
I started collecting shells at the age of five, as many of us do.  I then worked on land snails for about 10 years, starting in the secondary school.

When did you first discover BHL?
A museum curator friend of mine showed it to me about two years ago.

What is your opinion of BHL and how has it impacted your research?
It provides wonderful possibilities for taxonomists who need to regularly use the very old literature.  BHL provides access to the kind of literature which can often be found only in large, old museum libraries. I also have access to recent papers because I am studying in a Japanese University, but without BHL I would be in big trouble with accessing the old sources.

How often do you use BHL?
I have to check some things almost every day, and during the literature search period (when I start working on a new taxonomic group), I use it practically all day.

How do you usually use BHL (read the titles online/download whole PDFs/Select Pages to Download for a custom PDF/etc.)
I usually download whole publications for my “literature collection”, and at the same time I produce smaller pdf files with the information I need for a specific subject. It is easier to handle smaller files when I just need to check something such as the exact page number of a citation.

What are your favorite features/services on BHL?
I can search for scientific names, and people’s names. This is a very big help.

When I started to deal with the land snail family Plectopylidae, I just typed “plectopylis” into the search field and I could read and download many old literature. Without this possibility (scientific or authors name as a search option) finding all relevant literature would have taken maybe two times longer, and more importantly, there would have been a risk of overlooking some sources.  This was very helpful while I was working with my colleagues on the the description of new species and subspecies shown in the image below.

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New species and subspecies of the land snail family Plectopylidae from China
and Vietnam (Páll-Gergely & Hunyadi, 2013). This family was neglected
since the beginning of the 20th Century
.

If you could change one thing about BHL, what would it be, or what developmental aspect would you like the BHL team to focus on next?
In many cases the plates of figures and the blank pages in-between appear marked as “text” on the left-hand navigation menu.  It would be great to enumerate them. The other thing is that selecting pages of a single publication and finding the plates at the end of each volume takes a long time. Sometimes it would be more user-friendly to provide a way to automatically group these together for download.

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Godwin-Austen, H.H. 1917 Zoological
results of the Abor Expedition, 1911–12.
XLVII Mollusca, VII. Cyclophoridae
(in part) Records of the Indian Museum 8:
493—580. 
http://biodiversitylibrary.org
/item/41753#pag e/677/mode/1up

If you had to choose one title/item in BHL that has most impacted your research, or one item that you prefer above any other in BHL, what would it be and why?
There are many relevant sources I like, for example I am really fascinated by monographs like Kobelt’s Cyclophoridae or the Mollusca of India  by Godwin-Austen. On the other hand, discovering something unusual, or let’s say, “funny” is always a good moment.  My actual favourite is a part in Godwin-Austen’s “Zoological results of the Abor Expedition” (1917), after the description of Rhaphaulus miriensis: “After getting as far as writing the above description I left my work room for lunch, leaving the shell on a slide resting on plasticine. On taking up work again I found it crushed. Thus one of the most interesting shells found recently on the Eastern Frontier has to be rediscovered.”

Literature mentioned:
Kobelt W. 1902 Das Tierreich. Mollusca: Cyclophoridae R. Friedländer und Sohn, Berlin 662pp.

Godwin-Austen, H.H. 1882–1920 Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon and other islands of the Indian Ocean; Supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley’s Conchologica Indica Taylor and Francis, London, 257pp, 442pp.

Godwin-Austen, H.H. 1917 Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911–12. XLVII Mollusca, VII. Cyclophoridae (in part) Records of the Indian Museum 8: 493—580.

Páll-Gergely, B. & Hunyadi, A. (2013): The family Plectopylidae Möllendorff 1898 in China (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). — Archiv für Molluskenkunde 142 (1): 1–66.

 

October 15, 2013by sayeedmd
BHL News, Blog Reel

GBIF Launches New Web Portal!

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GBIF’s new web portal: http://www.gbif.org

We’re very excited to share that yesterday, October 9, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) launched their new web portal as part of the 20th meeting of the GBIF Governing Board.  The new portal provides greatly enhanced access to the world’s largest database of documented evidence for the distribution of species across the planet.

The scientific meeting was held in Berlin and webcast for the press and public. Tim Hirsch, Senior Program Officer for Engagement, and Tim Robertson, Information Systems Architect, introduced and demonstrated some of the new features now available.  For example, the home page now includes prominent links to information that help “tell the entire GBIF story,” including how GBIF, its content-contributing partners, and users are:

  1. Sharing Biodiversity for Reuse;
  2. Providing Evidence for Research and Decisions; and
  3. Collaborating as a Global Community.

You can learn more about all of the new functionality by visiting the new GBIF web portal or watching the webcasts of the launch.

The meeting also included presentations on how GBIF’s partners in Colombia and Japan are providing free and open access to information about biodiversity in their own countries.  In the afternoon, the annual GBIF Science Symposium highlighted how researchers throughout the world are using the data mobilized through GBIF’s network of data publishers.  The Symposium kicked off with a presentation on climate change and patterns of biodiversity by Miguel Bastos Araújo, winner of the 2013 Ebbe Nielsen Prize.  More information is available in the Symposium brochure and webcast of the event.

October 10, 2013by sayeedmd
Blog Reel, Featured Books

Book of the Week: Die Cephalopoden

This week we are celebrating cephlapods. Not sure what they are? Cephalopods are a group of exclusively marine mollusks that include squid, octopus and nautilus. They are closely related to snails, slugs and clams. Let’s be honest, you might be most familiar with them on your plate.

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Cephlopods have short life spans that range from 6 months to 2 years.

These intelligent but vulnerable invertebrates are fascinating. They are represented in fossil records as long ago as 500 million years. If I had to pick, I’d say squids are my favorite 8-legged species, and not just because this is Squidturday. Squids defend themselves by being agile and fast as well as releasing sepia, often referred to as ink. The sepia creates a smokescreen providing the squid to make a get away. Camouflage is another defense mechanism. They cannot only change the color of their skin but the shape and texture to reflect their surroundings. This is possible through pigment cells on their arms called chromatophores. It doesn’t stop there, certain species can fly out of the water for short distances.

The most well known species of squid popularized in book like Homer’s Odyssey and Jules Verne’s 20,000 leagues Under the Sea is the Giant or Colossal Squid. Not much is known about this squid because it is so rare to find. However, it is known that they live in the deep Atlantic Ocean and can bite with their sharp beaks. Their only predator is the sperm whale. They can reach lengths of up to 60 feet and weight as much as 1,000 pounds. Imagine looking into the soccer ball sized eyes of one of these invertebrates. Scary!

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Image of Carl Chun from Jarhrbuch der Berliner Morgenzeitung, 1900.

Little was known about these creatures in the 1900s. So Carl Chun, a well known German marine biologist with a specialty in cephalopods and plankton, led the German expedition aboard the steamboat Valdivia in 1898 to explore the deep sea. He was among a growing fraction of scientist who believed that there was life in the deep sea. Lasting just a year, the trip explored the West Coast of South Africa, the Gulf of Guinea, the Antarctic Sea, and a large portion of the Indian Ocean and collected as many biological samples as possible. The results of the expedition lead to 24 volumes titled Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer “Valdivia” 1898-1899″ (Scientific results of the German deep-sea expedition on the steamer “Valdivia” 1898-1899) which Die Cephalopoden is apart of.

BHL’s copy of Die Cephalopoden provides much more information on cephalopods and squid. If you don’t sprechen deutsch, check out the English translation. From this expedition, Chun discovered and named a new species of squid, the vampire squid. Its species name, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, means “vampire squid from hell.”

To learn more about the Valdivia expedition, check out the BHL blog post Book of the Week: The Valdivia Expedition.

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They are curious animals that explore their environment and are capable of learning, and will play with objects.

And if you want to see more beautiful illustrations from Chun’s Die Cephalopoden check out the BHL Flickr set.

References:
Ferris, Jabr. (2 August 2010). Fact or Fiction: Can a a Squid Fly out of the Water? Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-squid-fly≻=WR_20100804

Robey, Jason. (25 January 2013). Giant Squid Facts. Top 10 Startling Giant Squid Facts. Discovery. Retrieved from http://blogs.discovery.com/show-news/2013/01/top-10-startling-giant-squid-facts.html

Rodolfo. (19 June 2010). Basic Facts about Cephlapods. OBIS, Ocean Biographic Information System.  retrieved from http://www.iobis.org/node/161

Unknown. (n.d.) Cephalopod DayRetrieved from http://cephalopodday.tumblr.com/about

Watson, Stephanie. (1 June 2007). How Squid WorkHowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved from http://science.howstuffworks.com/zoology/marine-life/squid.htm

October 8, 2013by gworthey
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The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is the world’s largest open access digital library for biodiversity literature and archives. BHL operates as a worldwide consortium of natural history, botanical, research, and national libraries working together to digitize the natural history literature held in their collections and make it freely available for open access as part of a global “biodiversity community.”

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