This post is part of BHL at 20: Treasures from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, a series contributed by members of the BHL community, highlighting remarkable works from across the collection in celebration of its 20th anniversary.

One of the greatest challenges for a digital library, especially one as large as the Biodiversity Heritage Library, is simply finding the content you are after. Recently, I made a website to give a sense of this challenge. The website features about 200,000 pages of content from BHL Australia, a small fraction of what is in BHL overall, but already it’s something of a challenge to find specific items you might be after. If you were looking for a particular article, how would you find it?

Interactive browser of BHL Australia

Articles, articles, articles

For most scientists, the article is the fundamental unit of research, not the journal title, and not a journal volume. The article is what we download as a PDF, what we store in our reference managers, and what gets cited. At the outset BHL did not have articles, so over a decade ago I set about developing a tool to find those. This tool became BioStor, which was described in a paper in 2011 (Extracting scientific articles from a large digital archive: BioStor and the Biodiversity Heritage Library). The basic idea behind BioStor is to take information about an article, such as journal, volume, pages, and year, and then try and find that article in BHL.

Mapping journal, volume, and pagination from an article to BHL.

In principle this seems straightforward, but often the vagaries of metadata complicate the task. The image below shows some of the issues encountered with the journal Ibis. The source of metadata for the articles was CrossRef, via a commercial publisher (Wiley). You might expect this data to be high quality, but it contains errors such as bad character encoding. To further complicate things, Wiley decided to renumber all the volumes of the journal, so that the original volume information we see in BHL (such as series 2, volume 1) bears little relation to what is in CrossRef (volume 7, issue 1).

Matching CrossRef metadata for an article in Ibis to BHL.

The list of metadata messes like this is almost endless. There are journals that have more than one numbering system for the same volumes (e.g., Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria where the same item is both series 3, volume 7 and volume 47), there are multiple abbreviations for the same journal, and there are journals with multiple names (e.g., title 8097 is “Annuaire du Musée zoologique de l’Académie des sciences de St. Pétersbourg”, “ЕЖЕГОДНИКЬ ЗООЛОГИЧЕСКАГО МУЗЕЯ ИМПЕРАТОРСКОЙ АКАДЕМІЙ НАУКЬ”, and “Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeia …”).

A further complication is that a scanned item in BHL may contain several issues or volumes, each with its own set of overlapping page numbers, which means we have to decide which page “1” is the page 1 that matches the article we are searching for. Once we solve all that, we encounter further problems. Perhaps the most challenging is pagination. In most modern articles, the page range, e.g. 1–5, completely encompasses the article, including figures, charts, illustrations, etc. But for the older literature this is often not the case. Typesetting text and reproducing plates were different processes, and hence the plates might be disconnected from the article (often appearing at the end of a volume). This means that extracting, say pages 1–5, from BHL is no guarantee that you have the whole article.

A good deal of code in BioStor is trying to make sense of matching article metadata to BHL items, finding the correct page to match to, and extracting the set of pages that correspond to that article, as well as providing tools to manually correct metadata and add missing pages (for example, the plates mentioned above). Hence the process of finding articles is, at best, semiautomated.

BioStor old and new

The original BioStor website dates back to 2009, and looked something like this:

Original BioStor website.

This site could display individual articles, and you could edit metadata. For a variety of reasons, it was no longer feasible to host this at the university where I was based, so I split the website into two versions. The original site now runs only on my laptop, and I use it to process files and locate articles in BHL. The new version runs in the cloud and features a cleaner interface, along with much better search. Below is the same article in the current BioStor.

Current BioStor website.

Once articles are discovered using the old BioStor, they get pushed to the public version of BioStor at https://biostor.org. This website is also the point of contact between BioStor and BHL: each day BHL runs an automated process which asks BioStor whether it has any new articles, and, if the answer is yes, it fetches those and adds them to BHL (in BHL articles are referred to as either “parts” or “segments”). The end result is that articles defined in BioStor now become visible in the Table of Contents in BHL.

BioStor article displayed in BHL.

One advantage of having a separate project such as BioStor is that I can use it to experiment with different ways to view BHL content. For example, BioStor looks for geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) in the OCR text for each article. Any pairs of coordinates that it finds get stored in a map, which you can browse. In the diagram below we have selected a small region in the centre of the map, on the right you can see a list of articles about that area.

Maps showing localities on the island of Sulawesi that are mentioned in BioStor articles.

Identifiers

BioStor has been running since 2009. In that time it has contributed over 260,000 articles to BHL, making it the single largest source of BHL “parts”. Having articles is nice, but even better is having articles with persistent, citable identifiers, such as DOIs. The Persistent Identifier Working Group has been working to add DOIs to BHL content, especially “parts”. This work has focused on two kinds of DOIs. The first are existing DOIs minted, for example, by commercial publishers. BioStor adds a lot of articles using CrossRef metadata, so we get these “for free” (there are other sources of DOIs that BioStor uses, but that is another story). Why does it matter to have external DOIs for BHL content? Well, many of these articles are free in BHL but behind a paywall on the publisher’s website. Services such as Unpaywall can link existing DOIs to free versions of the corresponding article, and BHL is one of Unpaywall’s providers.

But the more exciting (and onerous) task is minting new DOIs for articles in BHL, so that BHL is the version of record for that content. This has several implications. It means that BHL is effectively a publisher, and has the responsibility to maintain access to this content in perpetuity. It also changes the way we think about adding articles. For example, most of my work with BioStor has been opportunistic – I’m working on a taxonomic database, I see that there are some papers that should be in BHL, find them, then add them to BioStor so future BHL users can find those articles. But once we start creating DOIs, the goal is quite different: you want to get every article in the journal that is in BHL, and mint DOIs for all of them. While this appeals to a completionist mindset, it does mean getting metadata for every article before you can add DOIs.

Luckily, the hard work in minting DOIs has a striking payback, we can see how many times articles in BHL are cited in the scientific literature. The last time the results were analyzed, BHL articles had been cited some 74,446 times! Without BHL these publications would appear as simple text strings in the literature cited, now they are first-class digital citizens with clickable DOI links.

Metadata matters

By now it is obvious that the way BioStor finds articles depends on having good quality metadata for articles (or chapters), which it then attempts to locate in BHL. The lack of freely accessible metadata is a major impediment to increasing the rate at which articles are added. In the past I have made extensive use of taxonomic databases as a source of bibliographic data (see my BioNames project, for example). Yet the quality of citations in these databases is often poor. I have also made extensive use of sources such as CrossRef, which covers articles that have been assigned DOIs by that agency, and also data provided by volunteers, such as those working with Nicole Kearney (thank you Bob Griffith and Heidi Griffith!). Another major source of data has come from scraping the web, a time-consuming process that is becoming increasingly difficult to do as the web becomes increasingly closed under the onslaught of AI bots (see also Joel Richard’s blog post A Brief Bit on BHL Battling a Barrage of Bots).

There is a clear need for a free and open bibliographic database. The nearest we have is OpenAlex, whose tagline is “All the world’s research, connected and open.” Sadly this is still more of an aspirational goal rather than a fact: a lot of taxonomic literature is not in OpenAlex. Perhaps it is time, therefore, to revive “CiteBank”, which was an early BHL project to collect bibliographic metadata. If we had a comprehensive database of the taxonomic and related literature, locating articles in BHL would be a much easier task.

Machines reading

BioStor’s method of finding articles works, but it is not the only way we could locate articles. Instead of relying on external sources of metadata, what if we could simply have a computer read the volume and extract the articles automatically? Early attempts to do this for BHL content were not particularly successful, see for example A metadata generation system for scanned scientific volumes. But the advent of large language models (LLMs) and AI chatbots has dramatically changed the way we can tackle finding articles in BHL. In my own work I routinely use AI to extract articles in bulk from a scanned volume. Typically the approach involves finding tables of contents in the scanned volume, using AI to parse that into structured data, then finding the corresponding pages in the volume, checking that they match the table of contents, and then using AI to extract bibliographic data (e.g., article title, authors, etc.). The result of this process is a data file that gets fed into BioStor, so that articles get found and added to BHL in the usual way. It is not bulletproof, and AI can quite happily make mistakes, but in my experience it works well.

But the holy grail would be to simply point an AI at a volume and it would identify and extract all the articles, find any stray plates, and present the results to BHL. Given the spectacular advances in OCR text and understanding document layout in recent years, perhaps there will be a point where BioStor can gracefully retire from the scene. Its hundreds upon hundreds of lines of regular expressions and special-case hacks quietly gathering dust in a GitHub repo while machines of loving grace read BHL for us.

From the Biodiversity Heritage Library

As BHL celebrates twenty years of open biodiversity knowledge, this post reminds us that access depends not only on digitised pages, but on the tools, metadata, identifiers, and infrastructure that make them discoverable and citable. With your support, BHL can continue strengthening the systems that connect biodiversity literature to the researchers, communities, and future discoveries that depend on it.

If you have landed on this page expecting to find an article published in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera from 2018-2022, you’re in the right place. Read on…

R.I.P Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera

In 2017, The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera published its final issue. The journal’s website was turned off and, to ensure ongoing access to the biodiversity knowledge contained within its articles, all volumes (1-49) were made freely available on BHL. The final editorial, entitled “JRL R.I.P.” was written by Rudolf H. T. Mattoni, the then President of the Lepidoptera Research Foundation. You can find it on BHL here.

Volume 49, the final issue. Cover. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 2017. Contributed in BHL by Smithsonian Libraries. Rights Holder: The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc.

Pirate publishers

Jump forward five years. On 4 January 2022, Scott Miller (@PNGmoths) tweeted about the sad passing of his friend Rudolf H. T. Mattoni (1927-2022). Miller’s tweet prompted the realisation (by Roderic Page) that a “bad actor” had resurrected the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera website and had been using the journal’s title and ISSN to publish new articles. From 2018 onward, the fraudulent party published 262 articles in six issues across two volumes. These articles were not about lepidoptera (butterflies and moths); they covered a seemingly random array of topics, including economics, health, and business management.

The “current issue” (volume 50) of The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera published in 2019 on the resurrected JRL website.

ISSN hijacking & fraudulent DOI assignment

Each article published in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera after 2017 sits behind a paywall on the resurrected website and has been assigned a DOI (a digital object identifier). This means that the pirate publisher must have applied to Crossref (the DOI registration agency for scholarly content) and established themselves as the “owner” of the journal’s ISSN. This was possible because no other party had ever assigned a DOI to any component of the journal and, as the pirate publishers were masquerading as the Lepidoptera Research Foundation via the resurrected original website, no flags were raised (although Crossref did revoked their membership in April 2021 for non-payment of fees).

Rod Page’s announcement spurred a flurry of tweets and emails between the original (rather cross) editors, BHL’s Persistent Identifier Working Group (PIWG), Crossref and the ISSN Authority. The legitimate editors informed Crossref that BHL is the only party with their permission to host the journal and assign DOIs to the articles. However, Crossref’s transfer of ownership policy required BHL to submit an official title dispute. The “owning” member was then notified of the dispute and given 10 working days to respond. When they did not respond, Crossref transferred ownership of the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera to BHL.

BHL DOIs for the real Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera articles

In May 2022, BHL’s PIWG, who have been retrospectively assigning DOIs (#RetroPIDs) to articles on BHL since 2020, assigned a DOI to every article published in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera up to its official final volume (1962-2017). Now that they have DOIs, these articles are part of the modern linked network of scholarly research. Every article can be persistently cited by modern researchers, those citations can be tracked, and the new DOIs will provide citation metrics for the articles’ authors and their institutions.

The first article of the first volume of The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. This 1962 article now has a DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.333405. Page 3. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 1(1):3-20, 1962. Contributed in BHL by Smithsonian Libraries. Rights Holder: The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc.

Illegitimate URL persistence (despite our efforts)

Our early investigations into the resurrected website lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org established that the domain had been re-registered with a web hosting provider. Further digging uncovered that it had also been registered by a private proxy registration service that guarantees to “protect your identity”. Though we requested that these providers take down the website, there were limited options. Domain registries and web hosting services have specific terms of service and legal boundaries that limit their access to and jurisdiction over the content on the sites they host.

At the time of writing (September 2022), the pirate publishers remain unidentified and the website lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org persists. However, for the time being, only the home page of the Lepidoptera Research Foundation is accessible; attempts to access any other page of the website results in a 403 error.

A tombstone for the fraudulent articles

BHL then had to decide what to do with the 262 DOIs assigned to the fraudulently published articles, which, as the new owner of the ISSN with Crossref’s system, BHL now has responsibility for (and control of). Unfortunately, we couldn’t undo their existence; as persistent identifiers, DOIs must persist. After consultation with the true editors, it was decided that the fraudulently assigned DOIs should point here: to an explanation of why they shouldn’t exist.

This makes this blog post the tombstone page for all those articles – the final resting place of their immortal, yet retired, DOIs. A tombstone page is a special type of landing page that a DOI can point to when its content has been removed, such as in cases of research retraction. Tombstone pages, like all landing pages for DOIs, should contain a full bibliographic citation (so users know they’ve been directed to the correct place). Tombstone pages should also include a statement of unavailability explaining why the content is no longer available. We hope this blog post serves as this statement. The DOIs and their metadata are listed below.

To all the authors who published in the two most recent volumes of the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, we hope you find somewhere more appropriate to republish your non-lepidopteran research (only three of the 262 articles published in the resurrected journal are about lepidoptera).

To learn more about the work of BHL’s Persistent Identifier Working Group, see our previous BHL blog post, or follow #RetroPIDs on Twitter.

Bibliography of articles fraudulently published in Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera from 2018-2022

A, Dr.S., 2019. Performance Analysis on Detection of Vegetation Crop Insect Pests based on Support Vector Machine. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 343–349. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201097

A., Tamizhselvi, 2020. Disaster Recovery Management Using Crowdsourced Analysis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 153–169. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301085

A., Thirumalairaj, 2020. Hybrid Cuckoo Search Optimization based Tuning Scheme for Deep Neural Network for Intrusion Detection Systems in Cloud Environment. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301089

Abbas, Dr.Q.M., Karim, N.A., Alshawi, Dr.H.N.H., 2020. Building a Dynamic Model of Combined Offensive Skill (Receiving + Plump + Peaceful Aiming) in Terms of some Optical Capabilities and Biomechanical Variables in Basketball. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 262–271. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301186

Abbas, H.H., 2020. Comparison Diagnostic of Klebsiella by Classical Biochemical Test with Modern Method that Up Take from Varied Samples. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301012

Abd, Z.F., Sultan, M.M., Abdulazeez, E., 2020. Assessing the Performance of Broad Beans Cultivators in Hammam Al’alil District/ Nineveh Governorate for the Year 2019. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 297–309. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301190

Abdi, M., 2020. Prevalence of frailty and Prefrailty among Iranian community-dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 100–109. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301009

Abdul, R.A., 2020. Optimal Allocation of D-Statcom in Multimachine Power System for Stabilization of Voltage Using GWO. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 801–817. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301135

Abdulameer, S.A., 2020. Semantic Parallelism and Repetition in the Discourse of the Holy Qur’an. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 850–862. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301138

Abdul-Kadir, O.K., Younis, F.N., Almashhadani, Zuhair.I., 2019. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Children Under Age 10 Years in Baghdad Governorate. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 111–118. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201030

Abdullah, A.R., 2020. The Role of MMP-3 Serum Level in both Colorectal and Gastric Cancer in Iraqi Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 182–194. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301087

Abdullah, N.F., 2020. Representation of Gender Roles in the Discourse of a Literary Text: A CDA Study of Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 834–849. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301137

Abed, S.M., 2019. Assessment of Genetic Effects of Nickel-Ferrites Nanoparticles on Streptococcus Pyogenes Using RAPD Marker. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201004

Adnan, A.A., 2020. Impact of Religion on Poverty: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 318–332. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301028

Ahmad, A., 2020. Two Decades of Indonesian Business Competition Law: Implementation, Enforcement and Contribution to the Economy. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 277–292. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301096

Ahmad, I.T., 2020. Teacher Satisfaction in Jordanian High Schools: The Gold Standard of Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 254–265. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301022

Ahmed, H.F., 2020. Correlation between Anti-Ku antibody and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in some Iraqi patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 227–233. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301019

Al – Doori, M.A.M., 2020. The Effect Study of Crud Water Extraction of Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaves on Growth of Leishmania tropica promastigots in in Vitro Rosmarinus Officinalis, Leishmania Tropica. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1075–1085. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301158

Al- Bdairi, N.A.H., 2020. Evaluation of Microsatellite Markers Linked to Economically Important Traits of Rice in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301011

Al- Dafaee, M.E., Vjasim, A.A., Mohammed, T.K., Mohammed, R.Q., Abdullah, H.N., Harhoosh, M.A., 2020. Serological Detection of Viral Hepatitis B and C among the Blood Donors in Baghdad City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 220–225. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301181

Al Saadi, M.A.M., 2020. The Effect of Rare-Earth Element on the Optical and Structural Properties of SnO2. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 636–647. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301123

Al- Tarboolee, A.Y.K., 2019. MHC Class I Polypeptide-Related Sequence A (MICA) Polymorphism Association with Ankylosing Spondylitis in Iraqi Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 356–361. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201099

Al Zahid, Abdulamir.A., 2020. Evaluation of TPGS- Zontivity Nanoparticles on Stability and Protective Effect to Minimize Testicular Damage in Male Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 170–181. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301086

Alabaied, A.I., 2020. Comparing the Performance of the Exudation Irrigation System and Surface Drip Irrigation with Two Levels of Phosphate Fertilizer in Some Growth Characteristics and Productivity of the Pea Plant (Vicia fabaL.). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1021–1033. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301155

Al-Abbasy, Emadgh., 2020. Effect of the Oral Treatment with Lactoferrin on Growth Rate, some body Measurements and Immunoglobulins (Ig A, IgM, IgG) in Water Buffalo (Bubalusbubalis) Calves in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 451–458. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301040

Alani, S.W.M., Arisan, E.D., Mohammed, M.T., Jawad, M.A., 2019. Investigation of Therapeutic Mechanisms of Cancer based Cancer. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 136–159. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201078

Al-Aqaby, A.R.A., 2020. Comparison Study of some Productivity Traits in Broiler-Chickens Supplemented with Bioactive Substance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 511–518. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301045

Al-Aredhi, H.S., 2020. Chewing Lice of Black Partridge Francolinus francolinus Birds in Al-Diwaniyah Province/ Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 890–894. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301141

Al-Azawii, Z.N., 2020. Description of New Iraqi Spider Ananeon Howardensis (Arachnida: Salticidae) and the Prey Capture Method. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 611–615. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301056

Al-Azawy, O.M.J., Al-Alwany, S.H.M., 2020. Immunogenetic Study of Human Bocavirus and IL-13 Gene Polymorphism in Children and Infants Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infection. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 272–280. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301187

Al-Bayati, M.M.S., Kuttar, A.H., 2020. The Effect of Adding Peppermint Oil to Barley Straw Treated with Sodium Hydroxide in Gas Production and some Fermentation Properties in the Rumen. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301184

Albueajee, A.I., 2020. Epiphytic Algae Composition and Biodiversity in Auda Marsh / Southern of Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1135–1150. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301162

Al-Dabbagh, S.T.S., F. Saeed, J., 2019. Some Diagnostic Anatomical Features in Two Species of the Genus Valeriana L. (Valerianaceae) from Northern Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201063

Al-Dawdy, I.M.S., 2020. Antimicrobial Effective of Citrulluscolocynthis and Punicagranatum on E.coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 232–237. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301091

Al-Door, N.L., 2020. A First Record of Two Species of Millipedes in Iraq-Baghdad. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 608–614. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301120

Al-Doori, M.L., 2020. A Taxonomic Key for Nine First Record Species of Chilopoda-Arthropoda in Central Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 596–607. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301119

Al-Dulaimi, O.K., Al-Gorany, S.M., Khudhair, I.H., Rmeidh, A.Y., 2019. In Vivo Assessment of Augmentin Antibiotic Activity in Rats with Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201026

Algabar, F.A.A., Baqer, B.A., Authman, S.H., 2019. Anti-Biofilm and Antibacterial Activities of Plantago Lanceolate Leaves Extract Against Some Species of Gram Negative Bacteria That Isolated From Clinical Sources. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201062

Alhamadany, Dr.A.A.A.-S., 2020. Knowledge Marketing an Introduction to the Quality of the Knowledge Partnership Strategy: A Case Study at the University of Mosul. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 984–1002. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301152

Alheeti, F.A., 2019a. Thyroid Dysfunction in Iraqi Diabetic Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 508–512. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201114

Alheeti, F.A., 2019b. Enhancement Inpatient Glycemic System by Diabetes Educational Programs in Internal Medicine Resident. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 320–324. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201095

Alhemiri, M.I., Kadhim, Q.S., Mohsen, H.A., 2019. Detection of Submerged Substances and Determination of Concrete Pavement and Limitation Using a GPR Radar System at the University of Kufa, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201028

Alhilali, A.H.T., Yuan, T., Huang, S., Yang, M., Ping, G., Tan, Z., 2019. In Vitro the nahA and gutD Stress Responsive Genes Enhance Salt Tolerance in Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201061

Ali, F.A., Al-Sudani, S.F.K., Hassan, G.C., Bakir, S.H., 2020. Risk Factors of Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. in Hospitalized Cancer Patients in Erbil Governate, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 123–140. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301174

Ali, J.A., 2020. Estimation of IL-1βand TNF Concentration in Children Suffering from Febrile Convulsion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 225–231. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301090

Ali, N.H., 2020. Determination and Evaluation of Cadmium, Nickel, and Zinc in Agricultural Soils of Diyala. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 580–588. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301052

Ali, R.K., 2019. Knowledge and Practices-Pediatric Dentistry-Specialist in Iraq Regarding Preventions of Infective Endocarditis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 449–457. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201109

Aljaf, M.M., 2020. Diagnose and Morphological Study of Sweet Potato Hornworm Agrius Convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lipedoptera: Sphingidae) in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 781–789. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301133

Al-Jubory, R.J., 2020. Molecular Detection of Abundance of Uncultured Lavage Microbiota and Evaluated the SNPs in Partial Sequence of CARD9 Gene. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 256–269. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301094

Al-Kaabi, Z.K.I., 2019. Synthesis or Characterization Regarding Magnetic Properties Regarding Zn Doped Fe3O4 Nano Spherical because of Biomedical Applications. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 426–431. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201106

Al-Kadhi, N.A., 2020. Antioxidant effect of Gundelia Tournefortii Extract on Some Physiological, Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Male Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 479–495. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301043

Al-Khesraji, T.O., Suliaman, S.Q., 2019. New Taxa Records for Macromycota of Iraq from Salahadin Governorate. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201032

Allawi, R.F., Mheidi, U.H., 2020. Effect of Phosphate Fertilization and Planting Date on the Growth, Yield, and Content of Medically Active Compounds in Hibiscus Sobdariffa L. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 252–261. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301185

Almahammedi, E.J.H., 2020. Effect of Temperature and Gene Variation of the Pathogen Beauveriabassiana (Bals) Virulence in Controlling of Ephestiakuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 352–361. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301031

Al-Mamoori, S.O.H., 2020. Bioremediation by Using the Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris to Remove Phosphate and Nitrite from the Domestic Waste Water Treatment Plant in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 660–668. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301061

Almuoswi, H.J.N., Hatem, R.M., 2019. Immuno-hhistological Study of Effectiveness of Red Beet Extraction against Methotrexate Toxicity Reproductive System in Male Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201082

Al-Musawi, H.A., Al-Mammar, D.E., 2020. Characterization and Optimization the Adsorption of Safranin O Dye Onto Ca-montmorillonite and Nano-composite Ca-montmorillonite Clay. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 184–202. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301178

Al-Musawi, S.A.A., 2020. Investigating Toxoplasmosis among the Female Students of Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University through Latex Test. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 519–526. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301046

Al-Nuaimy, K.M.T., 2020a. Smoking and Dental Caries. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 655–659. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301060

Al-Nuaimy, K.M.T., 2020b. Study Physical Properties of Saliva and Dental Caries in Chewing Gum Habit among Students. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 895–900. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301142

Al-Qaim, Z.H., 2020a. Genetic Related with Tissue Engineering: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1053–1074. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301157

Al-Qaim, Z.H., 2020b. Nanotechnology and Medical Application: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1034–1052. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301156

Al-Qaseer, I.F., Mahmood, S.K., 2019. General Anaesthesia for Operative Obstetrics. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201036

Alrikaby, N.J.A., 2020. Prevalence of Cestoda in Domestic Pigeons (Columba Livia) of Nasiriyah City, Southern of Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 333–338. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301029

Al-Shati, I.R., 2020. Sperm Cool Protectant by different Diluents based Lecithin Liposome Nano form and Egg Yolk in Ram. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 536–552. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301048

Al-Swedi, F.G., 2020. Impact of Salinity Stress on Seed Germination in Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 374–385. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301033

Al-Taie, T.A., 2020. Anatomical Study of Surface Leaf Epidermis and Indumentum of Six Species Belong to Rubiaceae in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301092

Al-Tameemi, H.J.H., 2020. Evaluation of Basrah Soils Pollution with Cadmium. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 721–727. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301066

Al-Waaly, A.B.M., 2020. Prevalence and Pattern of Intestinal Parasites in Children in Al-Diwaniyah City, Middle Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301016

Al-Waeli, N.S.M., 2019. Information Technology and its Impact on the Development of the Extractive Sector. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201084

Al-Yaseen, B.M., 2020. Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment by the Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris at Al-Muamirah Treatment Plant in Babylon City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 901–909. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301143

Al-Zuheri, J.J.S., Al-Bakri, N.A., 2020. Histological Structure of the Olfactory Bulbs in the Iraqi Frog Rana Ridibunda Ridibunda. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 234–241. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301183

Ameri, I.D.S.A., 2019. Climate Fluctuation in Mesopotamia During the Quaternary Period. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 262–278. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201090

Amiri, A., 2020. The Effect of Spiritual Education on Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Breast Cancer Referred to Shahid Motahari Clinic in Shiraz in 2018. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 60–73. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301006

An Optimal Mechanism for Positioning of DG for Stability Enhancement of 33 IEEE Bus System Using Genetic Algorithm (GAs), 2020. . Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 863–878. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301139

Ananth, C., 2020. Enhancing Segmentation Approaches from Oaam to Fuzzy K-C-Means. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1086–1108. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301159

Arshad, M.Z., 2020. Importance and Challenges of SMEs: A Case of Pakistani SMEs. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 701–707. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301064

Ashtiani, S.Y., 2020. A Comparison between Gastric Cancer Stage and Grade and its Relationship with Gender and Age in Patients undergoing Gastric Cancer Surgery in Qom during 2011-2017. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 922–930. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301145

Astiti, N.M.A.G.R., 2019. Impact of Bali Cattle Calf Marketing to the Farmers Income. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201065

Atia Ali, Dr.E., 2019. Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) then its Applicability Because of Primary Spine Surgical Procedure. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 313–319. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201094

Azizi, B., 2019a. Increasing the Efficiency of Active Human Resources in Agriculture through Education. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 376–382. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201117

Azizi, B., 2019b. The Role of Agricultural Extension and Education System in Rural Entrepreneurship Development. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 365–375. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201116

B., Dr.S., 2020. Automatic Biometric Finger Vein Authentication System Using Wavelet Transform. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 139–152. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301084

B., Dr.S.B., 2020. Implementation of Real and Accurate Watermarking System For Security Using Logistic Regression Machine Learning Techniques. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 783–792. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301073

Babayan, A.H., 2020. Biological Characteristics of Tomato Moths and Comparative Biological Effectiveness of a Number of Insecticides in Greenhouse Conditions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 759–763. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301070

Basuny, A.M., Mohammed, G.M., 2020. Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Olive and Pomegranate Leave Juice on Streptozotocin Diabetes in Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 141–156. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301175

Betti, N.A., 2020. Antioxidant Activity of some Pyrrolidin-2-One Derivatives. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 362–373. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301032

B.J., B.N., 2020. Preprocessing Technique for Degraded Folded Documents. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 13–34. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301075

Bunyan, I.A., 2020. Corona Virus Affected of Human and Animal: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1116–1134. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301161

C., Dr.Balakrishnan, 2020. Ambush Marketing – Need for Legal Protection for Official Sponsors of Major Sports Events. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 674–686. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301126

C., Dr. Balakrishnan, 2020. A Study on Enhancement of Employee’s Performance through Engagement in India. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 666–673. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301125

Chachain, N.F., Al-Nadawi, F.A.M., Hameed, R.S., 2019. Review Article: The Honey bees. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 255–261. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201089

Chaitanya, G.K., 2020. Verification of Pattern Unlock and Gait Behavioural Authentication through a Machine Learning Approach. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 730–751. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301131

D., S., 2020. A CT Scan Brain Image Disease Recognization and Classification Using Isvm Machine Learning Technique. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 506–519. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301115

D, V.R., S, K., J, K., 2019a. A Study on Life Insurance Products for Long Term Financial Planning with References to Chennai City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201056

D, V.R., S, K., J, K., 2019b. A Study on Life Insurance Analyzer Tools in Indian Market. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201054

D, V.R., S, K., J, K., 2019c. CRM Practices of Commercial Banks. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201053

Dahil, K.M.S., 2019. Measurement of Lead and Cobalt Ratio in Pregnant Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 478–492. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201112

Dawood, N.J., 2019. Study of Antimicrobial Resistance Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Sample and Waste-water of Basra Hospital. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 442–448. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201108

Dheya, B.M., Bader, A.M., 2019. Effect of Nano-Powders and Rubber on Impact Properties of Composites Used in Armors. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201057

Elhachemi, T., 2019. The Impact of Transfer Mechanism on Knowledge Acquisition at International Joint Venture. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 290–305. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201092

Fahad, H.R., Yas, N.S., Jameel, H., 2019. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Dentistry. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201034

Faris, A.A., 2020. The Firm Value According to MM and BFO Theories: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 685–700. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301063

G., A., 2020. A Survey on Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques in Assessing Fruit Quality. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 303–318. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301098

G., C.P.L., 2020. An Investigation on the PCov Plots for Evoked Facial Electromyography (FEMG) Signals for Human Robot Interaction. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 520–571. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301116

G, N., P, P., V. S, G., Deevi, S., 2020. An Intelligent Watermarking Technique for Secured Medical Images with Patient Health Document. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 01–17. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301165

Gajmal, Y.M., R, U., 2020. Data Access Controls in Cloud: A Survey. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301172

Ghazzay, A.A., 2020. Using Ginger Supplements as Antioxidant to Enhance Proliferation of Male Gonads Cells in Mice. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1109–1115. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301160

Ghorbani, P., 2020. Serum Lipid Profile and Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Neonates. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 42–59. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301005

Global Strategic Business Management: Focusing On the Strategic Business Unit of Amazon Whole Foods, 2019. . LEPI. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301001

G.S., M., 2020. A New Pattern of Searchable Encryption Using AES for Privacy Protection in Cloud. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 616–626. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301057

Gurijala, A., 2020. Estimation of Environmental Analysis of Musi Stream in Hyderabad India: A Model Study. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 188–208. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301017

H., Dr.S., 2020. A Pervasive Multi-Distribution Perceptron and Hidden Markov Model for Context Aware Systems. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 818–833. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301136

H.A., L., Ali, Ahmed.Y., Kadhim, I.H., Kahlil, M.R., Hussain, N., 2019. Levels of Radon in Different Types of Juices Are Different In Origin Consumed and Effective on Human Health in the City of Hilla-Babel-Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201029

Hadi, A.A.N., Saad, A.M., Hussei, O.K., 2020. Study Effect of Interlukin 17 on Microbiota that it Causes Disorder of Gastrointestinal Tract in Iraqi Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 176–183. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301177

Hadi, Halaa., 2020. Study of the Association of Glucagon like Peptide-1 Receptors (GLP-1R) Gene Polymorphism and GLP-1 Hormone Levels in Type 2 Diabetics Patients in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 421–429. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301037

Haji, G.F., 2020. Survey of Hypertensive Patients Visiting Outpatient Clinics in Baghdad Associated Co Morbidities, Diseases and Risk Factors. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 589–595. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301118

Hamdan, I.A.-A., 2020. Investigating the Physochemical Properties of Local Iraqi Goats Milk and Impact of Birth Type and Birth Sex in Al-Samawa Province. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 158–165. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301014

Hamed, F.M., Shalaal, Semmah., Hlail, A.T., Hassan, B.A., 2019. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Study of Acetone Extracts of Menthe and Olive Leaves. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201007

Hameed, S., 2019. Removal of Iron and Manganese from Ground Water by Different Techniques. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 458–468. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201110

Hamzaabood, A., 2020. Abnormal Morphology of Mature Oocyte: Predisposing Factors and Further Consequences Following Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 283–291. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301024

Hashim, W.S., 2020. Physiological Disturbances Caused by Citalopram in Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 408–416. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301107

Hassan, I.R., Ayyed, M.A., Mohammed, H.H., 2020. Correlation between Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index among Primary Schools in Tikrit City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 211–219. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301180

Heajm, T.S., Jarallah, Dr.E.M., 2020. Molecular Study of Antibiotic Resistant Genes among Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Hila Hospitals. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 288–296. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301189

H.K. Sray, A., 2019. Serological and Molecular Estimation of Theileria Equi Infections in Horses of Baghdad, Al-Qadisiyah, and Wasit Provinces / Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 391–404. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201103

Hmoodal-Khalidy, K., 2020. Molecular Diagnosis of Hymenolepisnanain Experimentally Infected Swiss Mice and Study the Effect of the Hot Aqueous Extract of Syzygiumaromaticum (clove) on the Worms. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301013

Husain, R.J., 2019. Anti-adhesive Effect of Coating Prevent Insects Adhesion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 432–441. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201107

Hussein, Ali.F., Kareem, E.A.Z.A., Dawood, A.H., Dawood, Nada.J., 2019. Changes in Value of Some Blood Parameters before and After Hemodialysis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201035

Hussein, D.A., 2019. The Prevalent and Correlations between Subclinically Hypothyroidism and Gall Stones Disease. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201031

Hussein, H.H., 2020. Per-operative Breast Cancer Study of Lipid Profile in Babylon Province. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301163

Hussein, K., 2020. Simulate Bcl-2 Cells Proteins and Test their Efficacy with Quinoline Derivative Compounds. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 790–800. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301134

Ibrahim, A.H., 2019. Study and Characterization of Bacteria Isolation from Different Types of Vegetables Sources in Basra Markets. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 350–355. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201098

Ibrahim, Ali.H., 2020. Study of Characterization Bacteria Isolation from Different Types of Vegetables Sources in Basra Markets. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 379–385. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301104

Ibrahim, T.K., 2020. Estimating the Level of Some Hormones (Follicle-stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone in Females and Testosterone in Males) in Patients with Leukemia in Kirkuk City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301093

I.H., Z., 2020. Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Different Wood Types Growing in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 166–176. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301015

Imran, R.A., 2020. Quantity – Intensity (Q/I) Relationship and Phosphorus Fixation in Calcareous Soils Fertilized with Mineral Phosphate and Organic Matter. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1158–1166. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301164

Israhadi, E.I., 2020. Analysis Management of Land through Land Political Laws: Reform. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 499–505. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301114

J, P., 2020. Logical Approach to Predict Arthritis Using Machine Learning. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301027

Sinbah, H., Helal, T.A., Jaffer, Noor.Dia., 2019. Evaluation of the Adsorption Equilibrium for the Potential Removal of Brilliant Green Dye From Aqueous Medium Through Using a Palm Bark Surface. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201077

Jabbar, K.K., 2019. Synthesis and Characterization of Lipoic Acid–Peptide Conjugates and Their Effect on Collagen and Melanogenesis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201003

Jawad1, H.M., Mohammed, Z.A.A., 2019. A Qualitative Study of Soil Algae in Vegetable Farms in the Eastern Hamza (Al-Sharqi) District During Summer and Autumn. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201076

Jebur, I.M., 2020. Prevalence and Risk Factors in Anaemic Pregnant Women in Najaf, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 445–450. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301039

Jebur, M.A.M., 2020. Gross and microscopic Evaluation for Wound Timing and Vitality in Forensic Practice. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 302–310. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301026

Jena, K.K., Mishra, Sasmita, Mishra, Sarojananda, Bhoi, S.K., Nayak, S.R., 2019. MRI Brain Tumor Image Analysis Using Fuzzy Rule based Approach. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 98–112. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201012

Juber, A.B., 2020. Using of Quercetin Modulates Pulmonary Oxidative Toxicity and Perturbation Induced by Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles as an Antioxidant Defense System. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 195–208. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301088

Juraevich, K.D., 2020. A Study of the Heredity of some Morphobiological Traits of the Species GossypiumhirsutumL. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 368–378. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301103

K., G., 2020. Knowledge Sharing Culture & System and Its Impact. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 625–635. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301122

K, K., 2020. D-Impact Score-Calculating Author’s Impact in a Specific Domain. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 430–444. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301038

K, K., S, S., Ss, A., 2020. Design and Development of Resources Management Information System for Construction Projects. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 42–53. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301168

Khadur, Z., 2019. Determining the Concentrations of some Chemical Parameters and Escherichia Coli Positivity in Drinking Water from Different Sources in Diyala Province. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 306–312. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201093

K., S., 2020. Similarity Measure in Dengue Diagnosis Problem Using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301079

K, S.R., 2020. Recommendation System in Social Media: A Case Study. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 574–579. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301051

Kadhem, W.M., Allaithi, L.A.A., Majhwol, E.M., 2020. The Protective Role of Juglans Regia on Oxidative Stress Induced by the Enalapril Drug in Male White Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 226–233. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301182

Kadhim, D.K., 2019. The Association between Demographic Characteristics and Serological Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondii in Iraqi Women with First Trimester and Second Trimester Abortion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 415–425. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201105

Kadhim, R.J.M., 2020. Mathematical Model for Compensation Non-Germinated Seeds as a Result of Soil Salinity. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 975–983. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301151

Kadir, S.A.R., 2019. Drug Delivery System for Prolonger Durations Local Anesthesia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201033

Khan, Dr.S.I., 2020. Drivers of Customer Satisfaction for Mobile Service Provider in Maharashtra (India). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 708–720. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301065

Khan, Dr.S.I., Sultan, Dr.A.A., Riyadh, H.A., 2019. Academic Performance, Social Media Effects, and Leaning of College Students: Evidence of Positive Influence in Erbil City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 177–186. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201081

Kholmuratovna, K.Z., 2020. The Importance of Monitoring and Controlling Saline Soils in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 931–935. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301146

Khoshnevisan, D., 2020. Arvand Rud River Pollution and Legal-environmental Challenges. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 7–19. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301002

Khursheed, J.F., Ali, A.H., 2020. Evaluation of Management Information Systems in Health Organizations Case Study (Kirkuk Health Directorate). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 30–47. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301004

Kochkarova, S., 2020. Study of Successional Processes of Vegetation Cover on the Dried Seabed of the Aral Sea. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 764–768. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301071

Kola, R.R.K., Bojja, P., 2020. Tumor Detection and Prediction of Alignments of Livestock by Using Machine Learning and IoT. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301166

Koti, K., 2019. Variables Influencing Investor Behavior: The Case of Bombay Stock Exchange. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201010

Kumar, G.N.S., 2019. Modelling and Simulation of a Multi-drive Accelerating Moving Walkway in Metropolitan Cities. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 362–376. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201100

Kumar, P.A., 2020. Botnet Detection with Machine Learning Classifiers. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 329–335. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301100

Lateef, I., 2020. Study the Effect of Some Growth Factor on the Production of Pectinase Enzyme by Locally Isolation Bacteria. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 408–420. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301036

M., B., 2020. A Video Retrieval System with Orthogonal Polynomials Model based Shot Detection, Key Frame Selection and Color Feature Extraction. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 453–479. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301112

M, J., 2020. An Effective Customer Churn Prediction Model using Adaptive Gain with Back Propagation Neural Network in Cloud Computing Environment. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 386–399. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301034

M., M.R., 2020. Declustering Seismic Data for Catalogue Completeness Analysis and Characterization of Seismic Sources. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 209–226. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301018

M., P., 2020. Upper Aero Digestive Tract Cancer: A Detailed Exploration Using Computer Vision Techniques. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 648–665. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301124

Tarek, A., 2019. How and When to Control Cornstemborers Esamia Cretica Led on Maize Zea Mays L. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 243–254. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201088

Madhkhoor, S.R., 2019. Evaluation of Vitamin D Serum Levels in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients and Healthy Individuals in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 217–221. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201085

Madhloom, Z.S., 2020. Bcl-2 Protein Contributes to the Formation or Progression of Human Colorectal Carcinoma. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 459–470. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301041

Madhoor, H.A.A., Al-Shammary, M.Z.F., 2020. The Effect of Foliar Spray Spraying with IQ–combi Manure and Chelating Fertilizer for Microelements and GA3 and their Interference in the Concentration of some Amino Acids in Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella Foenum-graecum L.). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 157–175. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301176

Mahmood, Z.M., 2020. The Blind Spots Leadership and Its Effect in Achieving the Strategic Vigilance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 572–588. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301117

M.Al-Ghazi, Z., 2019. The Effect of Camel’s Milk on Liver Enzymes of Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Treated with Ethanol. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 405–414. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201104

Mardan, F.N., 2020. Corporate Governance, Firm Performance and the Moderating Role of Intellectual Capital: A Conceptual Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 728–741. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301067

Martínez-Puma, E.G., Rivera-Mansilla, E.B., Lanchipa-Ale, A.P., Ramos-Quispe, T., Villalba-Condori, K.O., 2019. Reading Comprehension Competences and Their Influence on the School Performance of Peruvian Students in Public Primary Education Institutions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201064

Menon, S., 2020. Organizational Agility Assessment for Higher Education Institution. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 561–573. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301050

Mohammed, M.I., 2020. Construction Selection Indices and Partitioned Correlation into Direct and Indirect Effects of Yield and its Components Traits of Triticale X Triticosecale Wittmack. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 910–921. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301144

Mohanty, Dr.A.K., 2020. Food Insecurity and Nutrition in Selected Districts of Ethiopia: An Ordered Logit Approach. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 424–430. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301109

Mozafari, B., Keshtkaran, Z., Momennasab, M., Nick, N., Pourahmad, S., 2019. Investigating the Relationship between Health Literacy and Lifestyle in the SecondGrade High School Adolescents. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 173–184. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201037

Mozan, H.D.K.A.-, Alyousif, N.A., 2019. Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Ascarislumbricoides Ova Isolated from Soil in Thi-qar Province, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 279–289. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201091

M.S, A.V., 2020. Estimation of Body Fat Percentage Using Neural Networks, Tensorflow and Opencv. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 696–709. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301128

Mshari, A., Hussein, A.F., Dawood, Nada.J., 2019. Ability of Creative of bioformulations Using Bacillus Subtilis for Biological Control of Some Plant Disease Fungi. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201059

Muller, P.S., 2020. Early Detection of Diabetes during Pregnancy Using Data Mining Tool. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 936–945. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301147

Muraih, J.K., 2020. Antibacterial Susceptibility and Phytochemical Profile of Capparis Spinosa Stem. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 644–654. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301059

Mustafa, M.N., Abdulghafoor, H.A., Ali, A.H., 2020. Evaluation the Expression of TGFB3 and Cyclin E1 Markers in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 281–287. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301188

N., S.R., 2020. An Efficient Deep Classification for Malayalam Handwritten Document. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 01–12. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301074

Naidu, Ch.V.A., 2020. Data Sythesys and Knowledge Engineering. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 527–535. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301047

Nalli, R., 2019. A Novel Sensorless Controlling Technique for A 3-Phase Brushless DC Motor. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 493–507. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201113

Naraghi, L., 2020. A Study on the Development of Talaromycesflavus Formulations by a Fermenter and Some of their Biological Properties. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 74–92. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301007

Nasser, N.A., 2019. Evaluation of Serum Placental Protein 13 and Tissue Placental Protein- 13 Receptor in PregnantWomen with Pre-Eclampsia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201102

Nguyen, N.V., 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 on Education Activity at Tra Vinh University – Vietnam. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301173

Nijris, O.N., 2020. Attempting to Reduce the Infection with Shigella Flexneri by Therapeutic Lactobacillus Plantrum in White Rabbits. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 596–604. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301054

Noaman, A.T., 2019. Prophylaxis Antibacterial for Leukemia of Pediatrics Patient. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201058

Noor, T., 2020. Pandemic Covid 19 and its Effects that Limiting Air Pollution: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 963–974. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301150

Nooruldeen, M.Y., 2020. Change in 18S rRNA Genes Sequence of Cryptosporidium Parvum Isolated from Diarrheal Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 589–595. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301053

Obaid, H.J., 2020. Analysis of the Relationship between Earnings Quality and Financial Failure: Empirical Study of Iraqi Industrial Companies. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 356–367. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301102

Obayes, L.M., 2020. A Comparison of Using Soya and Artemia as Live Food for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fry. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 400–407. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301035

Obead, A.R., Al-Shalah, M.A.N., Smaism, M.F., 2019. Novel Role of Fourier Transform Infrared and Chemical Analysis in Differential between Gallstone Diseases. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 65–72. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201025

Oleiwi, A.H., Munshid, F.A., Salman, A.N., 2019. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201079

Pagarra, H., 2020. Isolation and Optimization of Endophytic Bacteria from Roots of Karst Area Ecosystems Producing Protease Enzymes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 431–439. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301110

Pattiasina, V., 2020. Determinants of Taxpayer Compliance Level: Empirical Study in East Indonesia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 339–351. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301030

Ponnapalli, K., Ss, A., Kumar, G.T.V., Chandra, D.S., 2020. Design and Development of Geospatial Technology based Urban Information Model (UIM) for Evaluation of City Level Applications. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301167

Prasad, Ch.R., Bojja, P., 2020. Priority-based Variable Time-slot Assignment Routing Algorithm in WBANs for Ehealthcare Systems. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 54–66. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301169

Prasanna, N.M., 2020. Design and Real Time Implementation of Anfis Controller for Optimizing the Burning Zone Temperature in Rotary Kiln in Cement Industry. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 480–498. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301113

R., J., 2020. Li-Fi Based Underwater Video Communication. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 946–952. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301148

R., S., 2020. IOT Integrated Virtual Hand for Robotic Arm Using Leap Motion Controller. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301077

Rad, S.S., Pirmohammadi, F., Ataei, M., Hashemi, A., Bazrafkan, M., Abrishami, S.E., 2020. Molecular Investigation of Brugada Syndrome Prevalence in Iranian Families. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301008

Raghunanda, S., 2020. Error Classification based on Multinomial NB and Random Forests. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 687–695. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301127

Rajasekaran, R., K, G., Jindal, A., Mehtani, R., Masih, J., Sai, M.C., 2019a. Visualization Effect of Changing Climatic Trends on Natural Calamities: Hurricanes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201022

Rajasekaran, R., K, G., Reddy, A., Reddy, U.S., Reddy, Y., 2019b. Visual Analysis of Temperature Time Series and Rainfall Using Big Data. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201023

Raju, V.L., 2020. A Compact Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Cross Slot Notch Antenna for ISM Band Medical and Radio Navigation Applications. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 496–510. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301044

Ramahi, Dr.H.A.M.A., Albahadili, M.A., 2019. New Sign for Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201080

Ramesh, S., 2020. Effective Use of Ideas from Vedas and Upanishads to Integrate Educational Technologies. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301078

Ranganathan, M., Rathnasabapathy, M., 2019. Cognitive Impairment of Stroke Patient with Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) – Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) – Left Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Territory Stroke with Left Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Occlusion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201009

Rao, G.R.K., 2020. Preventing Mobile Blockade and DDOS Assaults in ICN Network Communication Using Routing Path Identifiers. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 234–245. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301020

Rasheed, R.A., 2020. The Metformin Mimic Activity of Prosopis Farcta Root Extract in Endothelial Induced Dysfunction Coronary Artery. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 752–780. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301132

Razaghi, F., 2020. Evaluation of Compliance Rate of Baharlou Hospital Performance with Hospital Wastes Separation Policy. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301003

Riyadh, H.A., 2020. The Ugly Behind the Beauty of Corporate social Responsibility: A General Conceptual Perspective. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 750–758. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301069

S., A., 2020. Detection of Abnormalities in Electrocardiography Signals Using (FIR) Filter. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 710–719. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301129

S, B.P., R, P., Rani, J., 2019. A Study on Factors Determining Foreign Institutional Investments in India. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201052

Kadhim, Q., Abdullah, A.J., 2019. Sensitivity of WRF-Chem Predictions to Characterize Dust Source Function in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 222–234. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201086

S., R., 2020. Fuzzy Economic Order Quantity Model with Imperfect Quality Items under Repair Option. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 627–643. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301058

S., Sandhiya, 2020. A Decision-Making Method based on Moora Under Fuzzy Soft Sets. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 720–729. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301130

S., Santhi, 2020. Minimizing Rental Cost in Flow Shop Scheduling Problem Under Fuzzy Environment. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 319–328. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301099

S., V.E., 2020. Bilateral Perona-malik Diffusion Filtering based Topological Multitude Feature Vector for Breast Cancer Detection. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 110–128. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301010

Sadasivam, B., 2019. Growth Regulators Optimization for Shoot Induction and Regeneration of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201087

S.Alias, A., 2019. A Survey of the Natural Cholinesterase Activity in Some Animals and Birds of Mosul City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 377–381. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201101

Salih, Dr.M.M., Hamed, Dr.S.I., 2020. Human Capital and its Reflections in Achieving Sustainable Tourism Development in a Sample of Excellent and First Class Hotels in Iraq: Field Study. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 67–95. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301170

Salleh, F., 2020. B40 Health Micro Takaful’s Working Framework in Malaysia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301021

Salman, I.S., 2020. Isolation and Characterization Skin Fibroblast of Newborn Mice Using Easy and Simple Protocol. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 615–624. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301121

Salman, S.D., 2020a. Effects of Aging on the Body Systems: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301154

Salman, S.D., 2020b. Effect of the Stress on the Body Systems: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1003–1010. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301153

Shakir, O.M., 2020. Impact of Toxoplasma Gondii on both Luteinizing and Follicular Stimulating Hormones Inpregnant Women. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 471–478. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301042

Shalab, M.A., Kadhim, Dr.N.F., 2020. Evaluation of Hilla River Water by Measuring some Physical and Chemical Factors. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 203–210. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301179

Sharif, G.S., Ali, J.I.M., 2019. Detailed Review of the Morphology and Life Cycle of the Codling Moth, Cydia Pomonella (l.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), and Its DNA Barcodes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201024

Singh, E.H., 2020. Drayang: Through the Lens of Socio-Economic Landscape of Urban Culture in Bhutan. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 769–782. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301072

Sony, B., 2020. Analysis of Roadway Crash Prediction Studies on Urban Roads under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 292–301. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301025

Sumaja, M., 2020a. Impact of Organizational Culture with Decentralization of Authority on Employee Performance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 270–276. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301095

Sumaja, M., 2020b. Impact of Organizational Culture with Decentralization of Authority on Employee Performance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 417–423. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301108

Suriani, N.L., Suprapta, D.N., Khalimi, K., Darmadi, A.A.K., Parwanayoni, N.M.S., 2019. The Combination of Piper Caninum Blume and Piper Betle Var. Nigra Leaf Extract to Press Blast Disease on Oryza Sativa Linn in Vitro. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 196–204. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201083

Swar, S.O., 2020. Prevalence and Microscopic Studies of Mixed Sarcocystis Infection in Naturally Infected Sheep and Goats in Soran City, Erbil- Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 669–684. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301062

T, R.P., S, A., 2019. Automatic Extraction of Images from Medical Videos Repository. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201002

Taek, P., 2020. Diversity of Pest Insects and Pest Predators of Rice Plant as Indicator of Control Determination. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 440–452. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301111

Talib, M.T.M., 2020. The Effect of Infected Period, Previous, Infection and Family History Infection, with Candida Albicans on the appearance of Candidiasis in Pregnant Women. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 605–610. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301055

Tarish, A.H., Shammaa, R.I.T.A.-, 2019. Challenges and Innovations of Drug Delivery for Older Adults. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201006

Toma, F.B., 2020. Influence of Diet Supplementation with Garlic, Black Seed and Lettuce Leave on Kurdish Layer Henfertility, Hatchability and some Blood Physiological Properties. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 399–407. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301106

Upadhyaya, M., 2019. People’s Geographical Behaviour: The Influence of Social Media Usage on Shoppers’ Buying Intentions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201011

V, D., Anguraj, D.K., 2020. A Novel Study on Node Localization, Clustering and Routing Models in Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 96–108. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301171

V., H., 2020. Supply Chain Management: How India Ranks Among Brics Countries. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 336–355. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301101

V, V., R, M., 2019. Enhanced Decision Making with RFDS Search Key in RFID Environments. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201060

Vakkapatla, K.B., 2020. Secure Economic Emission Dispatch Using Multi-objective Continuous Genetic Algorithm Incorporating Reliability Indices. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 553–560. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301049

Venkateswaran, Dr.P.S., Sabarirajan, Dr.A., Rajest, S.S., Regin, R., 2019. The Theory of the Postmodernism in Consumerism, Mass Culture and Globalization. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 97–113. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201075

Viktorovna, S., Olga, 2020. Yield and Elements of Its Structure in Varieties of Membranous and Hulless Barley in the Northern Trans-Urals. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 742–749. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301068

Vo, T., Tran, T.V., Tran, T.T.M., Dang, N., Le, N., Truong, Q.-K., 2019. The Economic Impact of Asthma Treatment on Patients, 2014-2017: The Vietnamese Experience from a Public Hospital. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201001

V.P., A.R., 2020. A Novel Aproaches for Malayalam Handwritten Character Segmentation. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301076

Yazid, A.S., 2020a. Determinants of Tourists’ Arrivals in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301080

Yazid, A.S., 2020b. International Tourists’ Intention to Travel to Malaysia: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 266–282. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301023

Yazid, A.S., 2020c. Does Corporate Social Responsibility Activities Have a Role in Creating Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty? Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 106–123. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301082

Yazid, A.S., 2020d. The Effect of Corporate Image on Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Effect of Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 124–138. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301083

Yazid, A.S., 2020e. Disaster Resilience: Community and Stakeholder Perspective. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 87–105. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301081

Zabbon, A.A., 2020. Obesity and Overweight: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 879–889. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301140

Zahid, I.M., 2019. Ajwa Date Extract Can Alleviate Theadverse Effects of Gentamicin on the Reproductive Functions of Male Albino Mice. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 325–342. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201096

Zahraa, A.A.-, Joofy, I.K.A.-, Khelkal, I.N., 2019. Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activities of Purified Microcin Produced by Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Experimental Animals. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201005

Zamel, R.S., Mohammed, B.K., Yaseen, A.S., Hussein, H.T., Nayef, U.M., 2019. Preparation and Characterization of Ag Nanoparticles on Porous Silicon for Photo Conversion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 82–95. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201027

Zubaidi, S.J.J.A., 2020. Molecular Detection of Virulence Factors Genes of Capsular Polysaccharide in Multidrug Resistance Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from different Clinical Sample. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 386–398. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301105

The BHL Tech Team is pleased to announce a new form of content available in BHL: Article PDFs. While this may not sound like anything new, after all, we have had a tool to download PDF content for some time, this update changes both how the PDFs are created and maintained, and how BHL is viewed by content aggregators on the internet, most notably Unpaywall.

The new Download PDF icon

How to use it? While browsing an article, you will now see a Download PDF icon below the View Article link on the right side of the page. Clicking the link will immediately download the PDF to your computer (or view it in your web browser, depending on your settings.)

The benefits of the immediate download are:

• No waiting.
• No selecting pages.
• The PDF contains embedded, searchable, copy-paste-able text.†
• The PDF contains rich XMP-based metadata about the article.

An important change to note is that when viewing an article within an item at BHL, the Download Contents > Download Article link will now direct the visitor’s browser to the new PDFs for immediate download. This is a departure from what we had before in that the pages of the article were pre-selected for download and the visitor was then required to complete the process and wait for the PDF to be generated. We expect the new PDFs to be an improvement for our visitors who come to download articles. View the How do I download a PDF of an article? FAQ for simple download instructions.

Visitors to BHL are still able to manually create PDFs using the Download Contents > Select Pages to Download feature. This feature has not been removed, but it still means that it takes some time to create those PDFs and email the person when the PDF is ready. This option is useful for articles that have not been indexed in BHL, and therefore do not have a Download Article link. View the How do I generate a custom PDF of selected pages from the book? FAQ for complete instructions.

The most important feature of the new Article PDFs is the embedded text† within the document. The select-able text is an invisible text layer in the PDF, but it appears when you select or search for text within the document:

An example of select-able text in an Article PDF.

While the appearance of the text may look… less than ideal, rest assured that the text can be copied out intact and used in another program. Example:

It is perhaps needless for me here to reiterate the great importance
of arriving at a final decision as to the real nature of
the haloliranic forms, for it will be obvious that if they have
nothing to do with the normal fresh-water series, and are to
be regarded as the remnant of an ancient sea, our views
respecting the past history of the African interior must be
greatly changed.

Other, less visible benefits to the PDFs are that they are directly linked from the citation_pdf_url meta-tag on the web page which makes them more findable by Google Scholar, Unpaywall, and potentially other aggregators.

For the technical-minded, the PDFs (many tens of thousands of them) are created in advance and stored on BHL’s servers. Changes to data within BHL will cause the PDF to be updated automatically, usually within several hours.

We hope that this is a welcome addition to BHL.

† – Please note that the text is only as good as the OCR that was generated for the text on the page. While the OCR text is probably very good for the prose sections of an article, titles, tables, and other special content may not appear as expected.

In October 2020, BHL launched a new working group with a momentous goal: to make the content on BHL persistently discoverable, citable and trackable using DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers).

The members of BHL’s new Persistent Identifier Working Group (PIWG).

A DOI is like an electronic fingerprint in the form of a unique and permanent alphanumeric string that provides a persistent link to a piece of content online. Modern publications receive a DOI at the point of publication. This DOI becomes a key part of a publication’s bibliographic metadata that should be included in any mention or citation of that publication. Reference lists in modern publications are filled with DOIs, which allows readers to click from publication to publication in (in theory) a never-ending chain of knowledge.

This reciprocal linking of DOIs has created a great linked network of scholarly research, but that network is missing the historic literature. The vast majority of historic publications lack DOIs. This means they appear in reference lists as unlinked citations. In our increasingly online world, readers are far more likely to read (and thus cite) publications they can click through to (particularly when libraries are inaccessible during a global pandemic). The upshot of this is that the millions of pages of historic literature on BHL—the foundation of our understanding of biodiversity—is in danger of falling into obscurity.

BHL has been retrospectively minting DOIs for historic publications since 2011, but the focus has primarily been on monographs. BHL’s new Persistent Identifier Working Group (PIWG) is (at least initially) focusing on journal articles. Minting DOIs for articles on BHL is a far more complex and time-consuming task than minting DOIs for monographs. This is because article DOIs need article data: every journal volume uploaded onto BHL must be accompanied by journal and volume data, but there is no requirement that contributors provide article data.

Thankfully, there have been considerable efforts to add article data to BHL (and thereby make it possible to search for the titles and authors of these articles both within BHL and via external engines). A huge proportion of this article data has been contributed to BHL by Roderic Page via BioStor: 75% of the 300,753 articles indexed in BHL as of 4 May 2021 were “defined” by BioStor. It is very difficult to determine how many articles are actually on BHL (hidden within all those journal volumes). But, while we don’t know what proportion of BHL’s journal content still needs to be made discoverable, we know there is still a huge amount of work to do.

COVID-19 provided an unexpected opportunity to make a considerable dent in this work. With no access to scanners or library materials, a number of BHL contributors, including Harvard University Libraries, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle and BHL Australia, pivoted from making new content accessible to making their existing content on BHL more discoverable. For example, BHL Australia’s digitisation volunteers gathered, gap filled and checked article-level metadata for over 30,000 articles in 2020.

Once an article has been defined, i.e. it exists as a publication unit in BHL and has its own article landing page (and we’ve checked that the article does not already have a DOI), we can assign a DOI to it. Articles that have recently been assigned BHL DOIs include some very old publications, such as the first scientific description of the Duck-billed Platypus, published in 1799 (https://doi.org/10.5962/p.304567), and the species descriptions from A specimen of the botany of New Holland, the first publication dedicated to Australian flora (1793-5), e.g. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.312432. The PIWG has also started assigning DOIs to in-copyright publications (with permission from the rights holders). These include articles from the Bulletin of the British Museum, e.g. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.310418, and the Bulletin of the African Bird Club, e.g. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.308885.

Shaw, George (1799), The Duck-Billed Platypus, Platypus anatinus, The Naturalist’s Miscellany: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.304567 (illustration by Frederick Polydore Nodder).

If an article on BHL has an existing non-BHL DOI, we add this key piece of bibliographic metadata to the BHL landing page for the article. This ensures that BHL users can link to the definitive version of the article (the one the DOI resolves to), and more importantly, that other parties (and their algorithms) can find our versions from elsewhere. This is particularly important when commercial websites lock their DOI’d versions of public domain articles behind paywalls. Having their DOIs on our freely accessible versions ensures that services like Unpaywall can find them. To learn more about how this works, see our blog post: BHL Journal Articles Are Now Discoverable via Unpaywall.

DOIs not only improve discoverability and enable persistent linking to our historic content; they also allow us to track how BHL content is being used. In the six months following the minting of its new DOI (Oct 2020 to April 2021), the 1799 Platypus description was tweeted by 219 Twitter accounts, referenced in six Wikipedia pages, picked up by one news outlet and cited in one academic paper (data from Altmetric, April 2021). We know this because the article has a DOI.

Altmetric’s overview of attention for the first scientific description of the Duck-billed Platypus (Shaw 1799): https://www.altmetric.com/details/91788579.

The PIWG has spent the past six months creating, refining and testing tools that will allow BHL contributors to do this work themselves. We have also been producing documentation that explains a) how to use the new tools, and b) why this work is so important. These tools will facilitate every step in the article discoverability and DOI assignment process including: downloading existing article data for a given journal title to allow for correction and gap-filling (in development); bulk uploading of article data for new articles (available now); and adding articles and titles to BHL’s (new) DOI Assignment Queue (available now). Our dream is that, whenever anyone uploads a journal volume to BHL, they also provide the data for the articles it contains (and thus take responsibility for making that content discoverable).

The Persistent Identifier Working Group (PIWG) is fueled by the technical expertise, metadata dexterity and incredible passion of:

• Nicole Kearney, Manager BHL Australia (Chair)
• Mike Lichtenberg, BHL Lead Developer
• Susan Lynch, Systems, Digitization & Web Services Librarian, The New York Botanical Garden
• Bess Missell, Metadata Librarian, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives
• Roderic Page, Professor of Taxonomy, University of Glasgow
• Joel Richard, BHL Technical Coordinator | Head of Web Services & IT, Smithsonian Libraries, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives
• Diane Rielinger, Digital Projects Librarian, Botany Libraries, Harvard University Herbaria
• Colleen Funkhouser, BHL Program Manager

The specific goals of the group are:

• To add article-level metadata to journal articles on BHL
• To add existing DOIs to (new and existing) article landing pages on BHL (particularly for those articles where the DOI’d version is behind a paywall elsewhere)
• To assign BHL DOIs to articles that lack DOIs

Want to know more about BHL’s Persistent Identifier Working Group? See:

• Discovering the Platypus: From its scientific description to its DOI, Biodiversity Information Science and Standards (TDWG) Conference, 6 October 2020: https://youtu.be/4UVSEoWsSrw?t=1285
• #RetroPIDs: making historic Platypus Infinitely Discoverable (PID), PIDapalooza: the Festival of Persistent Identifiers, 28 January 2021: https://youtu.be/CSeQNe5KR5U

For the latest news about BHL’s DOI work, check out #RetroPIDs on Twitter.

Ten years ago in June 2010, the Atlas of Living Australia and Museums Victoria signed an agreement with the Biodiversity Heritage Library – and BHL Australia was born.

Dr. Mark Lonsdale (left), the then Chief of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation’s (CSIRO’s) Entomology Division, and Martin Kalfatovic (right), BHL Program Director, signing the Relationship Agreement between the Atlas of Living Australia, Museums Victoria and BHL. Image sourced from Martin Kalfatovic.

BHL Australia’s mission is to make Australia’s biodiversity literature freely accessible and discoverable. Ten years ago, we started with a single contributing organisation, Museums Victoria, and a team of five incredibly dedicated volunteers.

Over the past 10 years, BHL Australia has grown considerably. Our operation is still hosted by Museums Victoria (at the Melbourne Museum), but we now digitise literature (and ingest born-digital material) on behalf of 27 organisations across the country.

We are now a truly national project, representing Australia’s state and territory museums, herbaria, royal societies and field naturalists clubs, as well as government agencies and natural history publishers. Together these organisations have contributed more than 350,000 pages from over 2,400 volumes.

Dr. Elycia Wallis, Project Lead for BHL Australia at the Atlas of Living Australia, with our Zeutschel 16000 Book Scanner, purchased in 2017. Photo Credit: Nicole Kearney.

These volumes include treasures such as George Shaw’s The Naturalist’s Miscellany (1789-1813), Helena Forde and Harriet Scott’s Australian lepidoptera and their transformations, drawn from the life (1890-1898) and John Gould’s A synopsis of the birds of Australia, and the adjacent Islands (1837).

BHL Australia has also uploaded an extensive list of journals onto BHL (they may not be as pretty, but they’re just as important). To peruse all 2,400+ volumes, see our full BHL Australia Collection.

The Naturalist’s Miscellany includes the first published scientific description and illustration of the Duck-billed Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Shaw, George. The Naturalist’s Miscellany. Volume 10. 1799. Contributed to  BHL by Museums Victoria. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.304567. 

Our volunteer team has also grown since 2010; BHL Australia now has 15 amazing volunteers who do the majority of our scanning, cropping, image processing and metadata addition work, as well as three science communication volunteers. (You may have seen their hugely successful takeover of the BHL Instagram account during #BirdWeek last year.)

BHL Australia volunteer, Tiziana Tizian, cropping page images in preparation for upload onto BHL. Photo Credit: Nicole Kearney.

Of course, like so many other digitisation operations around the globe, BHL Australia is now in lockdown (and has been since mid-March). But out of adversity comes opportunity. While in lockdown, we’ve switched our focus from physical to born-digital material. We’ve welcomed new contributors and have uploaded journal volumes published as recently as 2020. We’ve also started a major project (in collaboration with BHL superuser Rod Page) to upload article metadata for every Australian journal on BHL (we’re pretty obsessed with discoverability).

The Records of the Western Australian Museum is now complete on BHL from 1910 to 2019 as a result of our efforts (during our COVID-19 lockdown) to upload born-digital material from Australia’s journals.

And, like so many others, we’ve also had to postpone our celebrations. We had planned to invite all our Australian contributors and volunteers to a big BHL birthday bash. That’s on hold for now, but in the meantime, here are our BHL staff — Cerise, Chris, Veronica and myself — waving our thanks to all those who support BHL Australia. To our volunteers, our contributors, the Atlas of Living Australia and our BHL community around the world — thank you for a wonderful 10 years!

The BHL Australia team: Manager Nicole Kearney (top right); Digitisation Coordinators Veronica Scholes (top left) and Cerise Howard (bottom right); and Technician Chris Healey (bottom left).

Earlier this week, Rod Page and I received an email from Richard Orr, the Lead Developer at Unpaywall, telling us that he had created a work-around that would finally enable the Unpaywall extension to discover content in BHL. And I (Nicole) literally spent the rest of the day jumping for joy. 

Let us explain: 

Firstly, what’s a DOI?

DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) are used throughout the scholarly research community to uniquely identify academic articles. They help readers locate the definitive version of a published article, and they make linking together the academic literature much easier – look at any recent paper and you’ll see that most of the references cited have DOIs.

DOIs do two things: 1) they uniquely identify an article, and 2) they point to the online location of the definitive version of that article (typically hosted by the article’s publisher). 

Many articles are not free to read: a significant proportion of both recently-published and historic articles are locked behind paywalls. However, with the rise of open access, it’s increasingly the case that there may be a free version of an article available somewhere online. BHL, for example, has scanned and made available tens of thousands of articles that also exist on commercial publishers’ websites. DOIs always direct users to the definitive version of an article. But if the definitive version is behind a paywall (as they so often are), how do we tell users that BHL has a free version available? Enter Unpaywall.

What’s Unpaywall?

Unpaywall finds (legally) open access versions of paywalled literature. Since its launch in 2016, Unpaywall has become an indispensable tool for scientists  (see “How Unpaywall is transforming open science”). Unpaywall’s free browser extension (downloadable via their website) displays a discrete padlock symbol on the side of your browser whenever you are on a paywalled paper. If Unpaywall is able to locate a freely-accessible copy of the article elsewhere, the padlock symbol appears green and clicking on it will take you directly to the open access version. To discover whether an article is free, Unpaywall scans a database of millions of articles compiled from over 50,000 sources. Until this week, BHL wasn’t one of them. 

Why couldn’t Unpaywall link to BHL?

BHL contains hundreds of thousands of journal articles. More than a quarter of a million of these articles have been indexed (the vast majority by Rod Page via Biostor), which means that they now have article-level landing pages containing their article-level metadata. Tens of thousands of these article landing pages now have DOIs. This should have made them discoverable, but Unpaywall still couldn’t find them. 

In June, we contacted Unpaywall to find out why. It turns out that the reason BHL content has never been picked up by Unpaywall is because of the way BHL uploads and presents its journal content. Most providers of online journals present each article neatly packaged as an individual PDF. BHL, however, is first and foremost a virtual library. We upload complete volumes of journals made up of individual page images. Our article landing pages don’t link to PDFs; they link to the page in the volume upon which the article starts. Unpaywall looks for a PDF link to confirm that the document is actually available. Thus, the 57 million pages of open access content on BHL was excluded from Unpaywall’s database.  

After we explained to Unpaywall how significant BHL’s content was, Richard Orr, Unpaywall’s Lead Developer, very kindly agreed to create a work-around, specifically for BHL, that would enable Unpaywall to link to BHL article landing pages. The result of this work-around is that (as of this week) 43,000 journal articles on the BHL website are now discoverable via Unpaywall. 

To demonstrate how useful this is, here are two examples:

The first description of the iconic (sadly now-extinct) Thylacine (or Tasmanian Tiger) was published in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London in 1808. This article is well and truly out of copyright and yet the definitive version of this article is behind a paywall on the Wiley Online website: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1818.tb00336.x. Downloading the PDF of this out-of-copyright article from the Wiley website will cost you $42 USD.

The definitive DOI version of this article is behind a paywall on the Wiley Online website, but it is freely available on the BHL website. With the Unpaywall extension, you can now easily navigate to the free version on BHL.

Now that BHL’s content is discoverable via Unpaywall, anyone directed to the Wiley version via the article’s DOI can discover the free version on BHL (via the Unpaywall extension).

Article freely available via the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

It’s important to note that making BHL discoverable via Unpaywall doesn’t just enhance access to legacy literature such as the Thylacine paper; it also applies to much more recent research. For example, “The generic relationships of the new endemic Australian ant spider genus Notasteron (Araneae, Zodariidae)” was published in The Journal of Arachnology in 2005. This article has the DOI (https://doi.org/10.1636/04-56.1) and is behind a paywall on BioOne. With Unpaywall’s extension in your browser you can now discover the free version hosted by BHL.

How to make even more BHL content discoverable via Unpaywall

43,000 may seem like a large number, but it’s actually only a tiny fraction of the articles freely available on BHL. For the Unpaywall extension to be able to locate all the journal content on BHL, we need to unlock the rest of the journal articles on BHL by 1) adding more article-level metadata, and 2) ensuring that, for every article on BHL that has an existing DOI, we include that DOI in the article-level metadata. That’s our next task…

We would like to thank Unpaywall for providing access to an ever-increasing number of open access scholarly articles (23,943,966 at 14/8/19) and to particularly thank their Lead Developer, Richard Orr, for making it possible for BHL (a square peg) to fit into their open database (a round hole).  

We’ve added functionality to the BHL book viewer that makes it easier to generate a PDF for an article.

When you are viewing an article that has been defined in BHL, you can now quickly and easily generate a PDF of that article using our new “Download Article” option in the “Download Contents” dropdown menu.

“Download Article” option in the “Download Contents” dropdown menu.

Selecting the “Download Article” option will launch BHL’s custom PDF generation functionality, with all pages in the article pre-selected. Be sure to review the selected pages to ensure all relevant pages are highlighted. Select additional pages or unselect unwanted pages by clicking on the page images. Once your selection is finalized, click “generate” to complete the process.

The pages of your article will be pre-selected. Review to ensure all desired pages are included.

The “Generate My PDF” screen will appear, with the “Article/Chapter Title” field pre-filled. Provide the email address to which you would like the PDF to be delivered and click “Finish”. A link to download your PDF will be emailed to the address provided.

A link to download your PDF will be emailed to the address provided in the “Generate My PDF” form.

The “Download Article” option will only be available if you are viewing content that has been defined as part of an article. Articles that have been defined for the item you are viewing are listed in the Table of Contents in the book viewer. Click on any of the entries to navigate directly to the first page of that article. If you are viewing pages that have been defined as part of an article, the article title will display below the series title in the book viewer.

Use the Table of Contents to navigate to articles defined in the book you are viewing. If you are viewing pages that have been defined as part of an article, the article title will display below the series title in the book viewer.

Please note that defining articles in BHL is an ongoing process, and not all articles in the Library have been indexed. If the article you need has not yet been indexed, you can still use our “Select Pages to Download” feature to manually select the article pages and generate a PDF. Learn more about the “Select Pages to Download” feature in our FAQ.

Use the “Select Pages to Download” feature if “Download Article” is not available.