“Towards the latter end of November, 1860, a proposal was made to organize a Botanical Society. There being no such Institution in operation in Canada, it was thought that much benefit might result from its establishment.”

So begins the first volume of the Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada, published in 1861 following the Society’s founding in Kingston, Ontario in 1860.

The Society—founded by members of the Queen’s College (now Queen’s University) natural history department—welcomed men and women as equal members and met regularly in Kingston. One hundred people attended the first meeting in January 1861, despite temperatures of –20 Celsius! The following month, 200 people were in attendance, including a young woman named Catharine (Kate) Crooks. She joined the Society on that occasion, along with her brother-in-law, Alexander Logie. Crooks and Logie had travelled from Hamilton, Ontario—southwest of Toronto—and presented the Society with a flora of Hamilton.

This flora included several plant species Crooks recorded in the southwestern Ontario communities of Cambridge, London and St. Thomas, and their presentation was accompanied by a large collection of specimens (roughly 500!) prepared by Crooks. The following year, Crooks’ collection was exhibited in London, England, as part of the official Canadian display at the International Exhibition of 1862. She received an Honourable Mention for her herbarium of native Canadian flowers, shrubs and trees.

Crooks documented several rare species native to Canada’s Carolinian ecozone, such as Andromeda polifolia, Liatris cylindracea, and Lupinus perennis. In fact, her observations captured a record of southwestern Ontario’s flora before the landscape changed forever. Today, some parts of southwestern Ontario have only 12.1% forest cover, and its wetlands are much-reduced, due to agriculture, urban sprawl, and aggregate extraction [1].

While the Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada offers a tantalizing glimpse into Crooks’ contributions to the documentation and study of southwestern Ontario’s flora, her name is all but unknown today. Those details that are recorded in the Annals’ pages, however, inspired librarian Anna Soper’s quest to learn more about this elusive woman in science.

The sole librarian operating a small, special library in Kingston, Ontario, Soper has a personal interest in botany and environmental history. This interest was further nurtured by her discovery of the Biodiversity Heritage Library while obtaining her Master of Library and Information Science degree. Whilst exploring the Annals in BHL, she was introduced to Crooks—and was both intrigued and baffled by what she read.

“I asked myself, ‘How come I’ve never heard of Kate Crooks?’,” recalls Soper. “She lived and worked in Ontario in the same era as Catharine Parr Traill—arguably Canada’s most prominent nineteenth-century naturalist. In fact, Crooks and Logie published their flora years before Parr Traill published her 1868 text Canadian Wildflowers. Parr Traill’s book was subsequently praised as ‘one of the greatest botanical triumphs which anyone could achieve.’ So what happened to Crooks’ specimens? How could her legacy have been so forgotten?”

Motivated by these unanswered questions, Soper began an intensive personal research project on Crooks, but found that very little of Crooks’ life and work appeared to have survived the years since her death.

“Sadly, not a single piece of her original (ca. 1860) collection has turned up,” shares Soper. “I contacted many curators who said they just don’t have complete records of their herbarium collections, so it is hard to assess whether any of Crooks’ specimens might be in their care.”

Eventually, Soper was able to locate a single botanical specimen attributed to Crooks—a pressed cutting of Sabatia angularis held in the collection of McGill University Herbarium. While this specimen is mentioned in a 1982 publication, Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario, it might have been mis-catalogued when it was added to Canadensys (a database for Canadian biodiversity data), where it is attributed to an “M. Crooks”. Upon receiving a photo of the specimen and its label, Soper realized that what had been interpreted as an “M. Crooks” was actually a “Miss Crooks”.

Since then, Soper has continued to piece together more of Crooks’ story, which she shared in an article for Atlas Obscura last year. Sadly, Crooks died at the young age of 38, eight days after the birth of her third child. She is buried in Hamilton, where, in 1865, she is believed to have collected the only known Ontario specimen of Sabatia angularis—a native plant now extinct in that province.

Thanks to Soper’s research, Crooks’ legacy is now emerging from the shadows of obscurity under which it had fallen over the past century. BHL played an important role in making this happen.

“The Biodiversity Heritage Library kick-started my research on Kate Crooks, and I know that without this valuable resource it would have been much harder to work on this project,” asserts Soper.

Soper’s interest in BHL’s collections extends beyond her research on Crooks. She regularly uses the Library, either to browse the image collections or to retrieve some piece of information for her other research interests.

“The sheer variety of botanical illustrations and natural history texts in BHL is what initially sparked my interest in the collection,” recalls Soper.

BHL offers many services that facilitate Soper’s research and reuse of the collections—particularly full text search and the availability of DOIs for many titles. She also appreciates BHL’s efforts to curate and provide context to its materials, such as through its image collections on Flickr and themed social media campaigns.

Soper regularly posts content from BHL to her own Twitter feed (@Flora150Project), where she explores botanical subjects around folklore, scientific illustration, and local flora. In fact, it was her activity on Twitter that first led her to the Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada, and by extension Kate Crooks.

“I originally began my Twitter page in 2017, during Canada 150, the 150th anniversary of Canadian confederation,” explains Soper. “I planned to create a flora of Kingston, and started posting photos from rambles around the city. I turned to BHL’s catalogue to see whether I could find an earlier example of Kingston’s flora, and that’s what led me to the Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada.”

More recently, Soper’s interests have turned towards phenological records — specifically, calendars of flora. Published in 1762, Miscellaneous tracts relating to natural history, husbandry, and physick… includes two calendars of flora—one recorded in Norfolk, England, and the other, in Uppsala, Sweden.

“Each calendar dovetails with the other; evoking a sense of time unfolding from one season to the next,” shares Soper. “There’s also a rather poetic quality in the writing.”

For example, one entry, from September 1755, reads almost like a haiku:

1. 21. SWALLOWS gone. Full moon. 
   22. Autumnal æquinox. 
   23. WOOD LARK… sings.

There was a useful function to these calendars. According to the Swedish calendar, May 13th was “The best time for sowing barley, and the seeds of garden plants.” Since the Wheat Ear (Oenanthe spp.) had recently arrived from its winter home, it was unlikely any further frosts would follow.

Shortly after the world went into lockdown, in the winter of 2020, Twitter user @VenetiaJane posted a prompt for her followers: “Please share your favourite nature-related photographs, poems, quotes…Let’s spread a little #joy and #positivity around the world at a time when we all really need it.’” The hashtag #SolaceInNature was born.

“At the time—mid-March—not much was blooming where I live; just a few willow catkins on a tree near my home. So I turned to the Biodiversity Heritage Library for content,” explains Soper. “Using the hashtag, #CalendarOfFlora, I have been posting these centuries-old documents on my Twitter feed. In fact, a calendar of flora lends itself to sharing on social media, since you can match the content with that day’s date!”

On April 1, 1755, Alex Berger saw signs of spring: “Moss…sheds its dust”, he wrote. By the 3rd, Berger saw stones loosened from the ice. On the 6th, “Hills begin to appear, the snows being melted,” and serpents came out of their holes. #CalendarOfFlora #OTD #SolaceInNature pic.twitter.com/W4c5FpAj2U

— Anna Soper (@Flora150Project) April 1, 2020

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“People are finding new ways to relate to each other—and the world around us—at this time,” remarks Soper. “Since I could not contribute much #SolaceInNature at the start of this crisis, I turned to the work of others; keeping vigil with their words as they, too, waited for spring.”

With centuries of knowledge captured within its pages, the annals of natural history are a rich resource for anyone interested in exploring the natural world. As Soper’s experience shows, any turn of a page could inspire new and unexpected discoveries. We are proud to work with a global network of partners to ensure that anyone, anywhere can be empowered to feed their curiosity, uncover the history of natural history, and be inspired by biodiversity.

“Since I’m outside of academia, I have no opportunities to take time off for research and writing,” shares Soper. “Online, open access resources like the Biodiversity Heritage Library are crucial to piecing together a story like Kate Crooks’, while giving me much-needed leads for in-person research in my spare time.”

References

[1] Environmental Commissioner of Ontario. Back to Basics: Respecting the Public’s Voice on the Environment. © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, 2018.

Visit any major botanical research institute today and you’ll find a herbarium, or a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens are used to identify plants, to track where and when particular plants grow, and to help understand how plants are influenced by climate change and other environmental factors.

Formal herbaria have been around for about five hundred years. The first recorded herbarium was created by Italian physician and botanist Luca Ghini in the early 1500s. Called a Hortus Siccus, or “dry garden”, the herbarium was populated by drying plants under pressure between pieces of paper and then mounting the specimens for study. Today, herbaria are integral to botanical research.

Dr. Maura Flannery, Professor Emerita of Biology at St. John’s University in New York and a Research Associate in the A.C. Moore Herbarium at the University of South Carolina – Columbia, studies the complex history of herbaria, their many uses, their digital future, and relationships between herbaria and botanical art. While she has been studying biology and its links to art over most of her career, Flannery’s interest in herbaria emerged about ten years ago.

Access to a research library is indispensable for herbaria-related research. Whether it be consulting species descriptions for specimens in a herbarium, investigating the history of the collecting expedition in which a specimen was procured, or obtaining complementary data for herbarium specimens, library collections are a rich resource for anyone interested in botanical science and associated collections.

Research libraries, however, are not always easily accessible. Even when they are accessible, visiting myriad, distributed libraries is quite time-intensive. Fortunately, the Biodiversity Heritage Library is breaking down these barriers to access.

“BHL is like having a world-class library in my home,” explains Flannery. “Until two years ago, I lived close to many wonderful research libraries in New York City, but any one of them was an hour away. Now I live in South Carolina, and have access to the great library at the University of South Carolina, and with BHL and other online resources, I can work just as effectively here. BHL has done more than impact my research — it has made it possible, or at least, made it more practical.”

Flannery first discovered BHL over a decade ago during a seminar given at the New York Academy of Sciences. Now, she uses the Library almost every day. She often highlights BHL on her blog, Herbarium World, in which she discusses herbaria and their importance. While she frequently accesses the Library to track down citations or download PDFs of articles relevant to her research, Flannery’s favorite feature is the ability to access millions of scientific illustrations and download them as high resolution images.

“Botanical art is where all my interests come together, and there is no place like BHL to nurture them,” asserts Flannery on Herbarium World.

BHL’s Flickr is a particularly useful resource for Flannery’s artistic interests. She uses it both to search for illustrations or simply, as she describes it, to “browse to feed my soul”.

One of Flannery’s favorite books in BHL, De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (“Notable Commentaries on the History of Plants”), is an excellent example of the intersection between botanical art, science, and herbaria. Authored by German physician and botanist Leonhart Fuchs and published in Basel in 1542, this title is one of the first modern herbals. Covering nearly 500 plants, the Historia included over 500 woodcuts and illustrated over 100 species for the first time in a published work. The woodcuts were made from drawings by Albrecht Meyer based on live plants, which were transferred to woodblocks by Heinrich Füllmaurer and cut into wood by Veit Rudolf Speckle (Glasgow University Library).

The Historia also has an interesting tie to the history of the herbarium. The author, Leonhart Fuchs, was a correspondent with Luca Ghini, the father of the herbarium. The two traded specimens, illustrations, and notes, and, as Flannery explains on Herbarium World, it was Fuchs’ herbal that helped convince Ghini of the value of illustrations. The Historia thus helps connect the historic value of both pressed specimens and illustrations as botanical teaching and research tools.

Given the historical and artistic significance of Fuchs’ work, it’s not surprising that it’s one of Flannery’s favorite titles in BHL. Another favorite is Stephen West Williams’ Herbarium, which consists of mounted specimens of American plants collected by Williams and others. It is accompanied by an index to the specimens articulating their medicinal and culinary uses along with watercolors of plants by his wife, Harriet Goodhue Williams.

Flannery is keen to see the Library acquire more manuscripts and correspondence, which can offer valuable historical context and help illuminate scientific networks and the exchange of information during centuries past. Since such materials are unique, accessing them previously required visiting each individual holding library or archive. But today, through digitization, these resources are available to the world.

A recent example from Flannery’s experience is the correspondence of John Torrey, one of the most important taxonomic botanists of the nineteenth century. The New York Botanical Garden is in the midst of a project to digitize and transcribe Torrey’s papers.

“Several years ago, I had to spend time visiting the Mertz Library at New York Botanical Garden to read John Torrey’s letters,” recalls Flannery. “Now, they are available through BHL.”

By offering easy online access, a rich collection including both published and archival materials, and an array of research tools, BHL has not only been a game-changer for Flannery but, as she articulates on Herbarium World, it has truly transformed biological research today.

“I often use the word ‘luxury’ to describe such instant access, what other word really applies?…We have come a LONG way from the days when searching for sources meant pulling Biological Abstracts tomes from the shelves.”