Auckland Museum joined the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) in 2018 and currently remains the only organisation in Aotearoa New Zealand contributing to the consortium. During my four years working as a technician and coordinator on the project, and with the help of a volunteer, Brianna Vincent, we have added over 25,000 pages, increasing our library of contributions from three to over 100 biodiversity literature items. These items span from 1790 to 2004, covering over 200 years of biological knowledge, and range from field notebooks and sketches to identification guides, records and proceedings, educational textbooks, plant material, cyanotypes (blueprints), and hand-painted illustrations.

Digitising contributing literature is an intensive undertaking; each page is individually photographed, exported, cropped, reordered, and then sequenced — resulting in a digital replica that accurately represents the physical copy in our collection. Literature items are selected through a criterion of subject matter, copyright, and relevance to the existing BHL collection. This selection process requires collaboration with our photography team, rights management team, museum collection managers, curators, our natural sciences department, cataloguing staff, librarians, and increasingly, external copyright holders. By the time our content appears on the webpages of BHL, a rigorous, inter-department effort has taken place – one with many moving parts and diverse areas of expertise.

Auckland Museum adheres to strict copyright compliance guidelines in determining whether an item qualifies for addition to BHL: either the item must be out of copyright (published prior to 1928, following U.S. copyright requirements) or the item’s copyright is held (or has been licensed) by Auckland Museum. The result of this selection process is a collection of unique, high-resolution, openly licensed, and public-domain material able to be freely distributed, adapted, and utilised for a myriad of creative, scientific, and other research-oriented purposes by the public. In our contributions to BHL, Auckland Museum has significantly increased the amount of copyrighted material through the collaboration and permission of New Zealand external rights holders by openly licensing copyrighted content under a Creative Commons license.

As part of the rights permissions process, items are reviewed for cultural permissions to preserve the dignity of Māori and Pasifika cultural representation within our archival holdings. This aspect of our reviewing process is an important way to respect the mana, the spiritual life force and power, in our objects and in the cultural groups depicted in them.

On a wider level, BHL acknowledges that the literature on BHL may contain harmful content in the form of historic colonial material. For Tāmaki Paenga Hira, this reflection is vital in our conceptualism as a GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) institution. Museums have been inextricably rooted in a history of colonisation, and it is our responsibility to take care not to further perpetuate racial stereotypes, distribute destructive accounts of culture, or allow any opportunities for the misappropriation of meaningful objects and imagery.

Our own Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum contains multidisciplinary research including botany, zoology, entomology, and ethnology from both current and former curatorial staff. These records include images of taonga, something treasured, that may not be suitable to be published online for public-domain reuse. These images are redacted following our own internal guidelines and the BHL page redaction policy. More information about BHL’s acknowledgment of harmful content notice can be found here.

Auckland Museum’s collection within BHL has a reciprocal relationship of enrichment with other digital partnerships and platforms. Recently Auckland Museum launched a BHL New Zealand Flickr account featuring a curated collection of images from natural history books digitised over the course of the BHL project. Publishing these images on such a popular online photo management and sharing application opened doors for Wikipedia editors to enrich existing articles with cover photos, for the Wikimedia repository to be supplied with a rich collection of imagery for future use, and even for text to be available for reading on Wikisource – an innovative platform allowing the crowd-sourcing of language translation and audio narration recording of literature to ultimately improve accessibility globally and to users with disabilities.

The biodiversity data available within the digitised works on BHL is of interest to many parties; it can be exported to large aggregators such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Bionomia, complementing ongoing scientific research and aiding scientists to find gaps in collective biological knowledge. Articles and images from BHL such as the Records of Auckland Institute and Museum are shared on Wikipedia and Wikidata, and Cite Q citations for articles allow for scholarly Wikipedia usership in the access of this data via the Wikipedia platform.

The catalogue records for titles added to BHL are updated in our own system after an item has been added, enabling us to embed and share the digital copy on our website. If another BHL partner has digitised a book that we hold a copy of, we can also add this BHL link to our collection record, giving the Museum’s users instant access to this material digitally.

What was once confined to our archives to only be viewed on request, in person with supervision, can suddenly be proliferated across the world wide web. With data rapidly moving from one place to another – exports, imports, open-access downloads, and the real-time ingest across linked open data platforms – BHL acts both as a global access point and a launching pad of sorts, allowing these rare and unique objects to be viewed everywhere and all at once. The opportunities for GLAM institutions to collaborate and support one another in the boom of the information era are diverse and far-reaching, and BHL is an essential piece of this puzzle for Auckland Museum.

Auckland Museum would like to thank Lottery Grants Board NZ, The C & L Gregory Trust, and The Tennyson Charitable trust for enabling this work.

During 2020, the Archives team at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew developed a collaboration with the University of Roehampton, the University of the Third Age (U3A), and the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL), to create a model for the archive sector, which uses volunteer-driven, remote methods to transcribe and research collections, making them easily shareable and accessible using TEI-XML encoding. We wanted to create ways in which TEI could be embedded in the archive sector and managed by archivists with little experience of textual encoding, or time to carry out encoding themselves. In creating this model, we would also digitise, transcribe, encode, and make accessible in BHL one of Kew’s most important, but inaccessible volumes – the Kew Record Book. For Kew, it was important that the volume would be made fully accessible, as part of our commitment to transparency around our history and involvement in colonialism.

The model we created was timely, as the COVID-19 pandemic meant many institutions could no longer accommodate volunteers on-site, and remote ways of working have persisted. The Travelling Plants project built a community and model of engaging with and developing the digital capacity of older people remotely, a sector of society that particularly felt the impact of social isolation during the pandemic. We received a grant from The National Archives to carry out this project.

We split the project into four phases: transcription, TEI-XML encoding, plant names, and project celebration.

We aimed for the project to be self-supporting, delivering remote training sessions, drop-in Q&As, creating protocols, and using the cloud for sharing documents. The most successful form of support was the small working groups of volunteers that we created, empowering volunteers to help each other. Transcriptions had to be checked by another member in the group, but support went far beyond this, with the groups setting up WhatsApp groups and even meeting in the Gardens once lockdown restrictions lifted.

About the Kew Record Book

The Kew Record Book is a unique document in the history of botany and horticulture. It records incoming and outgoing plants at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from 1793 to 1809. This was a period of intense activity at Kew, under the informal directorship of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society. With the support of King George III and major trading bodies such as the East India Company, Banks sent gardeners from Kew to accompany plant consignments, collect specimens and supervise colonial botanic gardens across the globe. Botanic gardens played a central role in the establishment of British power overseas, facilitating the transfer of food crops and useful plants between colonies, and providing staging posts for horticultural specimens on their way to Kew.

The volume opens in 1793, when William Townsend Aiton succeeded his father as superintendent of Kew. Entries are in a variety of hands, noting donors and recipients of consignments, identifying plants by their Latin botanical names. Also included are a number of copies of letters sent to and from plant collectors overseas. A particular highlight is Francis Masson’s 1798 letter from New York recounting his capture by French pirates when crossing the Atlantic (folio 84).

The volume records plant exchange for a range of commercial, colonial, and diplomatic purposes and Kew’s involvement in colonialism is clearly documented. Among the most active donors to Kew was William Roxburgh, superintendent of the East India Company’s botanic garden in Calcutta (Kolkata). Roxburgh established firm and long-lasting links between the East India Company and Kew.

Regular shipments were received from plant collectors around the world. In 1793, 82 crates arrived from the new penal colony of Botany Bay in Eastern Australia (folio 7). Banks had lobbied hard for the establishment of the colony and supplied the first settlers with seeds and plants. Two Kew-trained gardeners tended the crops and collected Australian plants on behalf of Kew.

Banks was also responsible for organising one of the most well-known – indeed notorious – of plant transfers: that of the breadfruit from Tahiti to the Caribbean (1791-3). The breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis, was proposed as a suitable foodstuff for enslaved people on British-owned plantations in the West Indies (although it only became a staple food in the Caribbean post-emancipation). The Kew Record Book includes a list of plants brought back to Kew from the voyage: from Tahiti, New Guinea, St. Helena, St Vincent and Jamaica (folios 10-16). Heading the list are ‘Otaheita Plants’, some with Tahitian names, but the first entry is for ‘Bread fruit 4 plants’ (folio 10).

Plants were also used to forge diplomatic alliances. In 1795 a shipment of over 300 rare plants was sent to Maria Feodorovna, “the Great Dutchess of Russia” who, the following year, would become Empress consort of Russia (folio 38). The batch was headed by the spectacular bird of paradise Strelitzia regina, named in honour of Queen Charlotte (of the house of Mecklenburg-Strelitz).

With its detailed inventories and multiple correspondents, the volume offers an invaluable resource to reconstruct botanical networks and chart the routes of plants across the globe.

View the complete Record Book in BHL.

The Encoding

To make the Kew Record Book as accessible and searchable as possible, we decided to train volunteers to encode their transcriptions. We chose to follow the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), an international consortium whose XML standard is used globally to create digital texts. As a markup standard based in natural language, TEI-XML represented a relatively friendly way of enhancing the Travelling Plants volunteers’ digital skillset.

Given the limited timeframe of the project, we didn’t aim to produce a complete digital edition of the Record Book. Instead, our goal was to develop and test a model for engaging volunteers in the encoding of archival texts; to refine the model through testing and dialogue; and to produce guidance that could be used by other archive-based projects. Travelling Plants volunteers were given the option of learning TEI-XML and encoding the text after they had begun transcribing and annotating it. Almost all tried their hand at encoding. Approximately half shifted their focus to encoding during the project’s final phase, while the others completed the transcription and annotation of the volume.

Because TEI-XML was new to all of the volunteers, we created detailed written guidance complemented by ten training videos. Three real-time tech support sessions on Zoom gave volunteers opportunities to share their learning with one another and to ask questions about the most technically challenging aspects of encoding the Record Book’s many types of entries. Volunteers then worked in teams to produce their digital edition.

By the end of the project, approximately 100 pages had been encoded in a way that made the Record Book easily searchable by the names (in all forms) of plants, people, ships, and institutions, as well as by places that can be plotted on digital maps. The digital edition and training materials will be made available via the Travelling Plants website, as soon as final revisions are complete. In the words of one volunteer, “I never thought I would enjoy coding but now I find I don’t want to stop!”

In the end-of-project evaluation, our volunteers said making history accessible and deciphering the handwriting were enjoyable parts of the project. However, the group work was the universally most enjoyed:

“I’ve really enjoyed working on the transcriptions, in particular the research and ‘detective’ work to firstly figure out what a letter or word is and then the investigation into the people and places which really brings the archive alive, and it’s been lovely to work with my group and get to know them.”

“It was a gift in lockdown to have something else to focus on other than the virus, masks, social distancing.”

The least enjoyable part was unanimously reading the handwriting!

By developing and sharing our protocols and training resources, we aim to empower other archivists to work with volunteers to create open access, shareable transcriptions that will help open their collections to the world.

Through ongoing collaborative collection building and digitization, the United States Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Library (NAL) is partnering with the Biodiversity Heritage Library to support biodiversity and scientific research in Ukraine with the release of the Ukrainian Українська Collection. BHL and NAL stand with the people of Ukraine and echo the support of its consortium partner institutions in their condemnation of the Russian Federation’s invasion.

The threat to Ukraine’s cultural heritage materials remains substantial during the wartime humanitarian crisis. Many libraries and cultural heritage institutions throughout Ukraine have been severely damaged or destroyed, resulting in the permanent loss of culturally and scientifically significant content. Through the digitization of historic materials related to biodiversity research in Ukraine, this project will help support Ukraine’s scientific community by providing access to these important resources.

Significance of the Material

The Ukrainian Українська Collection includes rare and unique titles covering biodiversity research in Ukraine over the past two centuries, including previously uncataloged material. These items have been selected for their cultural and scientific significance to the biodiversity research community, and include an array of topics from wheat production, agricultural economics, soil management, animal breeding, and rural electrification, to arbovirus ecology. Geographically, the material covers a range of areas, including the historic Bukovina and Bessarabia regions.

This collection will contribute to and expand the cumulative digitization and preservation efforts of Ukrainian cultural heritage material across the globe, including the Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online (SUCHO) initiative, and the Smithsonian Cultural Rescue Initiative (SCRI).

Increasing Discoverability through Collaborative Transcription

In addition to providing enduring access to these valuable items, a major goal of the project is to facilitate increased discoverability through transcription and translation. NAL welcomes volunteers with Ukrainian and Russian language expertise to assist in interpreting these important cultural materials. Join us on FromThePage or reach out to NAL’s Transcription Program Manager, at [email protected] for more information.

Going Forward

BHL will work with its Partners to continue to add to the Ukrainian Українська Collection. Beyond the work of identifying eligible open access materials within their holdings, Partners are encouraged to pursue cataloging, digitization, and transcription projects to support the collection. Particular attention will be paid to Ukrainian Українська Collection materials as part of BHL curation efforts, such as enhancing descriptive metadata and improving access to article information where possible.

In organizing this collection of materials, BHL is adding to the efforts of many cultural and natural heritage organizations to preserve pieces of Ukraine’s invaluable history and culture. Bit by bit, as librarians, technologists, researchers, people, BHL offers its support to the monumental global challenge to save cultural and natural heritage from the destruction of war and humanitarian crises, regardless of borders.

If you have landed on this page expecting to find an article published in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera from 2018-2022, you’re in the right place. Read on…

R.I.P Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera

In 2017, The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera published its final issue. The journal’s website was turned off and, to ensure ongoing access to the biodiversity knowledge contained within its articles, all volumes (1-49) were made freely available on BHL. The final editorial, entitled “JRL R.I.P.” was written by Rudolf H. T. Mattoni, the then President of the Lepidoptera Research Foundation. You can find it on BHL here.

Pirate publishers

Jump forward five years. On 4 January 2022, Scott Miller (@PNGmoths) tweeted about the sad passing of his friend Rudolf H. T. Mattoni (1927-2022). Miller’s tweet prompted the realisation (by Roderic Page) that a “bad actor” had resurrected the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera website and had been using the journal’s title and ISSN to publish new articles. From 2018 onward, the fraudulent party published 262 articles in six issues across two volumes. These articles were not about lepidoptera (butterflies and moths); they covered a seemingly random array of topics, including economics, health, and business management.

ISSN hijacking & fraudulent DOI assignment

Each article published in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera after 2017 sits behind a paywall on the resurrected website and has been assigned a DOI (a digital object identifier). This means that the pirate publisher must have applied to Crossref (the DOI registration agency for scholarly content) and established themselves as the “owner” of the journal’s ISSN. This was possible because no other party had ever assigned a DOI to any component of the journal and, as the pirate publishers were masquerading as the Lepidoptera Research Foundation via the resurrected original website, no flags were raised (although Crossref did revoked their membership in April 2021 for non-payment of fees).

Rod Page’s announcement spurred a flurry of tweets and emails between the original (rather cross) editors, BHL’s Persistent Identifier Working Group (PIWG), Crossref and the ISSN Authority. The legitimate editors informed Crossref that BHL is the only party with their permission to host the journal and assign DOIs to the articles. However, Crossref’s transfer of ownership policy required BHL to submit an official title dispute. The “owning” member was then notified of the dispute and given 10 working days to respond. When they did not respond, Crossref transferred ownership of the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera to BHL.

BHL DOIs for the real Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera articles

In May 2022, BHL’s PIWG, who have been retrospectively assigning DOIs (#RetroPIDs) to articles on BHL since 2020, assigned a DOI to every article published in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera up to its official final volume (1962-2017). Now that they have DOIs, these articles are part of the modern linked network of scholarly research. Every article can be persistently cited by modern researchers, those citations can be tracked, and the new DOIs will provide citation metrics for the articles’ authors and their institutions.

Illegitimate URL persistence (despite our efforts)

Our early investigations into the resurrected website lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org established that the domain had been re-registered with a web hosting provider. Further digging uncovered that it had also been registered by a private proxy registration service that guarantees to “protect your identity”. Though we requested that these providers take down the website, there were limited options. Domain registries and web hosting services have specific terms of service and legal boundaries that limit their access to and jurisdiction over the content on the sites they host.

At the time of writing (September 2022), the pirate publishers remain unidentified and the website lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org persists. However, for the time being, only the home page of the Lepidoptera Research Foundation is accessible; attempts to access any other page of the website results in a 403 error.

A tombstone for the fraudulent articles

BHL then had to decide what to do with the 262 DOIs assigned to the fraudulently published articles, which, as the new owner of the ISSN with Crossref’s system, BHL now has responsibility for (and control of). Unfortunately, we couldn’t undo their existence; as persistent identifiers, DOIs must persist. After consultation with the true editors, it was decided that the fraudulently assigned DOIs should point here: to an explanation of why they shouldn’t exist.

This makes this blog post the tombstone page for all those articles – the final resting place of their immortal, yet retired, DOIs. A tombstone page is a special type of landing page that a DOI can point to when its content has been removed, such as in cases of research retraction. Tombstone pages, like all landing pages for DOIs, should contain a full bibliographic citation (so users know they’ve been directed to the correct place). Tombstone pages should also include a statement of unavailability explaining why the content is no longer available. We hope this blog post serves as this statement. The DOIs and their metadata are listed below.

To all the authors who published in the two most recent volumes of the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, we hope you find somewhere more appropriate to republish your non-lepidopteran research (only three of the 262 articles published in the resurrected journal are about lepidoptera).

To learn more about the work of BHL’s Persistent Identifier Working Group, see our previous BHL blog post, or follow #RetroPIDs on Twitter.

Bibliography of articles fraudulently published in Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera from 2018-2022

A, Dr.S., 2019. Performance Analysis on Detection of Vegetation Crop Insect Pests based on Support Vector Machine. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 343–349. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201097

A., Tamizhselvi, 2020. Disaster Recovery Management Using Crowdsourced Analysis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 153–169. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301085

A., Thirumalairaj, 2020. Hybrid Cuckoo Search Optimization based Tuning Scheme for Deep Neural Network for Intrusion Detection Systems in Cloud Environment. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301089

Abbas, Dr.Q.M., Karim, N.A., Alshawi, Dr.H.N.H., 2020. Building a Dynamic Model of Combined Offensive Skill (Receiving + Plump + Peaceful Aiming) in Terms of some Optical Capabilities and Biomechanical Variables in Basketball. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 262–271. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301186

Abbas, H.H., 2020. Comparison Diagnostic of Klebsiella by Classical Biochemical Test with Modern Method that Up Take from Varied Samples. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301012

Abd, Z.F., Sultan, M.M., Abdulazeez, E., 2020. Assessing the Performance of Broad Beans Cultivators in Hammam Al’alil District/ Nineveh Governorate for the Year 2019. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 297–309. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301190

Abdi, M., 2020. Prevalence of frailty and Prefrailty among Iranian community-dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 100–109. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301009

Abdul, R.A., 2020. Optimal Allocation of D-Statcom in Multimachine Power System for Stabilization of Voltage Using GWO. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 801–817. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301135

Abdulameer, S.A., 2020. Semantic Parallelism and Repetition in the Discourse of the Holy Qur’an. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 850–862. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301138

Abdul-Kadir, O.K., Younis, F.N., Almashhadani, Zuhair.I., 2019. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Children Under Age 10 Years in Baghdad Governorate. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 111–118. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201030

Abdullah, A.R., 2020. The Role of MMP-3 Serum Level in both Colorectal and Gastric Cancer in Iraqi Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 182–194. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301087

Abdullah, N.F., 2020. Representation of Gender Roles in the Discourse of a Literary Text: A CDA Study of Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 834–849. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301137

Abed, S.M., 2019. Assessment of Genetic Effects of Nickel-Ferrites Nanoparticles on Streptococcus Pyogenes Using RAPD Marker. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201004

Adnan, A.A., 2020. Impact of Religion on Poverty: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 318–332. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301028

Ahmad, A., 2020. Two Decades of Indonesian Business Competition Law: Implementation, Enforcement and Contribution to the Economy. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 277–292. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301096

Ahmad, I.T., 2020. Teacher Satisfaction in Jordanian High Schools: The Gold Standard of Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 254–265. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301022

Ahmed, H.F., 2020. Correlation between Anti-Ku antibody and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in some Iraqi patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 227–233. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301019

Al – Doori, M.A.M., 2020. The Effect Study of Crud Water Extraction of Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaves on Growth of Leishmania tropica promastigots in in Vitro Rosmarinus Officinalis, Leishmania Tropica. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1075–1085. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301158

Al- Bdairi, N.A.H., 2020. Evaluation of Microsatellite Markers Linked to Economically Important Traits of Rice in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301011

Al- Dafaee, M.E., Vjasim, A.A., Mohammed, T.K., Mohammed, R.Q., Abdullah, H.N., Harhoosh, M.A., 2020. Serological Detection of Viral Hepatitis B and C among the Blood Donors in Baghdad City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 220–225. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301181

Al Saadi, M.A.M., 2020. The Effect of Rare-Earth Element on the Optical and Structural Properties of SnO2. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 636–647. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301123

Al- Tarboolee, A.Y.K., 2019. MHC Class I Polypeptide-Related Sequence A (MICA) Polymorphism Association with Ankylosing Spondylitis in Iraqi Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 356–361. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201099

Al Zahid, Abdulamir.A., 2020. Evaluation of TPGS- Zontivity Nanoparticles on Stability and Protective Effect to Minimize Testicular Damage in Male Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 170–181. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301086

Alabaied, A.I., 2020. Comparing the Performance of the Exudation Irrigation System and Surface Drip Irrigation with Two Levels of Phosphate Fertilizer in Some Growth Characteristics and Productivity of the Pea Plant (Vicia fabaL.). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1021–1033. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301155

Al-Abbasy, Emadgh., 2020. Effect of the Oral Treatment with Lactoferrin on Growth Rate, some body Measurements and Immunoglobulins (Ig A, IgM, IgG) in Water Buffalo (Bubalusbubalis) Calves in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 451–458. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301040

Alani, S.W.M., Arisan, E.D., Mohammed, M.T., Jawad, M.A., 2019. Investigation of Therapeutic Mechanisms of Cancer based Cancer. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 136–159. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201078

Al-Aqaby, A.R.A., 2020. Comparison Study of some Productivity Traits in Broiler-Chickens Supplemented with Bioactive Substance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 511–518. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301045

Al-Aredhi, H.S., 2020. Chewing Lice of Black Partridge Francolinus francolinus Birds in Al-Diwaniyah Province/ Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 890–894. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301141

Al-Azawii, Z.N., 2020. Description of New Iraqi Spider Ananeon Howardensis (Arachnida: Salticidae) and the Prey Capture Method. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 611–615. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301056

Al-Azawy, O.M.J., Al-Alwany, S.H.M., 2020. Immunogenetic Study of Human Bocavirus and IL-13 Gene Polymorphism in Children and Infants Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infection. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 272–280. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301187

Al-Bayati, M.M.S., Kuttar, A.H., 2020. The Effect of Adding Peppermint Oil to Barley Straw Treated with Sodium Hydroxide in Gas Production and some Fermentation Properties in the Rumen. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301184

Albueajee, A.I., 2020. Epiphytic Algae Composition and Biodiversity in Auda Marsh / Southern of Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1135–1150. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301162

Al-Dabbagh, S.T.S., F. Saeed, J., 2019. Some Diagnostic Anatomical Features in Two Species of the Genus Valeriana L. (Valerianaceae) from Northern Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201063

Al-Dawdy, I.M.S., 2020. Antimicrobial Effective of Citrulluscolocynthis and Punicagranatum on E.coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 232–237. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301091

Al-Door, N.L., 2020. A First Record of Two Species of Millipedes in Iraq-Baghdad. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 608–614. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301120

Al-Doori, M.L., 2020. A Taxonomic Key for Nine First Record Species of Chilopoda-Arthropoda in Central Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 596–607. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301119

Al-Dulaimi, O.K., Al-Gorany, S.M., Khudhair, I.H., Rmeidh, A.Y., 2019. In Vivo Assessment of Augmentin Antibiotic Activity in Rats with Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201026

Algabar, F.A.A., Baqer, B.A., Authman, S.H., 2019. Anti-Biofilm and Antibacterial Activities of Plantago Lanceolate Leaves Extract Against Some Species of Gram Negative Bacteria That Isolated From Clinical Sources. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201062

Alhamadany, Dr.A.A.A.-S., 2020. Knowledge Marketing an Introduction to the Quality of the Knowledge Partnership Strategy: A Case Study at the University of Mosul. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 984–1002. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301152

Alheeti, F.A., 2019a. Thyroid Dysfunction in Iraqi Diabetic Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 508–512. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201114

Alheeti, F.A., 2019b. Enhancement Inpatient Glycemic System by Diabetes Educational Programs in Internal Medicine Resident. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 320–324. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201095

Alhemiri, M.I., Kadhim, Q.S., Mohsen, H.A., 2019. Detection of Submerged Substances and Determination of Concrete Pavement and Limitation Using a GPR Radar System at the University of Kufa, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201028

Alhilali, A.H.T., Yuan, T., Huang, S., Yang, M., Ping, G., Tan, Z., 2019. In Vitro the nahA and gutD Stress Responsive Genes Enhance Salt Tolerance in Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201061

Ali, F.A., Al-Sudani, S.F.K., Hassan, G.C., Bakir, S.H., 2020. Risk Factors of Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. in Hospitalized Cancer Patients in Erbil Governate, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 123–140. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301174

Ali, J.A., 2020. Estimation of IL-1βand TNF Concentration in Children Suffering from Febrile Convulsion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 225–231. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301090

Ali, N.H., 2020. Determination and Evaluation of Cadmium, Nickel, and Zinc in Agricultural Soils of Diyala. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 580–588. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301052

Ali, R.K., 2019. Knowledge and Practices-Pediatric Dentistry-Specialist in Iraq Regarding Preventions of Infective Endocarditis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 449–457. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201109

Aljaf, M.M., 2020. Diagnose and Morphological Study of Sweet Potato Hornworm Agrius Convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lipedoptera: Sphingidae) in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 781–789. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301133

Al-Jubory, R.J., 2020. Molecular Detection of Abundance of Uncultured Lavage Microbiota and Evaluated the SNPs in Partial Sequence of CARD9 Gene. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 256–269. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301094

Al-Kaabi, Z.K.I., 2019. Synthesis or Characterization Regarding Magnetic Properties Regarding Zn Doped Fe3O4 Nano Spherical because of Biomedical Applications. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 426–431. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201106

Al-Kadhi, N.A., 2020. Antioxidant effect of Gundelia Tournefortii Extract on Some Physiological, Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Male Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 479–495. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301043

Al-Khesraji, T.O., Suliaman, S.Q., 2019. New Taxa Records for Macromycota of Iraq from Salahadin Governorate. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201032

Allawi, R.F., Mheidi, U.H., 2020. Effect of Phosphate Fertilization and Planting Date on the Growth, Yield, and Content of Medically Active Compounds in Hibiscus Sobdariffa L. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 252–261. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301185

Almahammedi, E.J.H., 2020. Effect of Temperature and Gene Variation of the Pathogen Beauveriabassiana (Bals) Virulence in Controlling of Ephestiakuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 352–361. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301031

Al-Mamoori, S.O.H., 2020. Bioremediation by Using the Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris to Remove Phosphate and Nitrite from the Domestic Waste Water Treatment Plant in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 660–668. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301061

Almuoswi, H.J.N., Hatem, R.M., 2019. Immuno-hhistological Study of Effectiveness of Red Beet Extraction against Methotrexate Toxicity Reproductive System in Male Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201082

Al-Musawi, H.A., Al-Mammar, D.E., 2020. Characterization and Optimization the Adsorption of Safranin O Dye Onto Ca-montmorillonite and Nano-composite Ca-montmorillonite Clay. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 184–202. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301178

Al-Musawi, S.A.A., 2020. Investigating Toxoplasmosis among the Female Students of Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University through Latex Test. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 519–526. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301046

Al-Nuaimy, K.M.T., 2020a. Smoking and Dental Caries. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 655–659. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301060

Al-Nuaimy, K.M.T., 2020b. Study Physical Properties of Saliva and Dental Caries in Chewing Gum Habit among Students. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 895–900. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301142

Al-Qaim, Z.H., 2020a. Genetic Related with Tissue Engineering: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1053–1074. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301157

Al-Qaim, Z.H., 2020b. Nanotechnology and Medical Application: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1034–1052. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301156

Al-Qaseer, I.F., Mahmood, S.K., 2019. General Anaesthesia for Operative Obstetrics. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201036

Alrikaby, N.J.A., 2020. Prevalence of Cestoda in Domestic Pigeons (Columba Livia) of Nasiriyah City, Southern of Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 333–338. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301029

Al-Shati, I.R., 2020. Sperm Cool Protectant by different Diluents based Lecithin Liposome Nano form and Egg Yolk in Ram. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 536–552. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301048

Al-Swedi, F.G., 2020. Impact of Salinity Stress on Seed Germination in Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 374–385. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301033

Al-Taie, T.A., 2020. Anatomical Study of Surface Leaf Epidermis and Indumentum of Six Species Belong to Rubiaceae in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301092

Al-Tameemi, H.J.H., 2020. Evaluation of Basrah Soils Pollution with Cadmium. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 721–727. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301066

Al-Waaly, A.B.M., 2020. Prevalence and Pattern of Intestinal Parasites in Children in Al-Diwaniyah City, Middle Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301016

Al-Waeli, N.S.M., 2019. Information Technology and its Impact on the Development of the Extractive Sector. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201084

Al-Yaseen, B.M., 2020. Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment by the Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris at Al-Muamirah Treatment Plant in Babylon City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 901–909. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301143

Al-Zuheri, J.J.S., Al-Bakri, N.A., 2020. Histological Structure of the Olfactory Bulbs in the Iraqi Frog Rana Ridibunda Ridibunda. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 234–241. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301183

Ameri, I.D.S.A., 2019. Climate Fluctuation in Mesopotamia During the Quaternary Period. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 262–278. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201090

Amiri, A., 2020. The Effect of Spiritual Education on Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Breast Cancer Referred to Shahid Motahari Clinic in Shiraz in 2018. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 60–73. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301006

An Optimal Mechanism for Positioning of DG for Stability Enhancement of 33 IEEE Bus System Using Genetic Algorithm (GAs), 2020. . Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 863–878. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301139

Ananth, C., 2020. Enhancing Segmentation Approaches from Oaam to Fuzzy K-C-Means. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1086–1108. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301159

Arshad, M.Z., 2020. Importance and Challenges of SMEs: A Case of Pakistani SMEs. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 701–707. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301064

Ashtiani, S.Y., 2020. A Comparison between Gastric Cancer Stage and Grade and its Relationship with Gender and Age in Patients undergoing Gastric Cancer Surgery in Qom during 2011-2017. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 922–930. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301145

Astiti, N.M.A.G.R., 2019. Impact of Bali Cattle Calf Marketing to the Farmers Income. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201065

Atia Ali, Dr.E., 2019. Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) then its Applicability Because of Primary Spine Surgical Procedure. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 313–319. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201094

Azizi, B., 2019a. Increasing the Efficiency of Active Human Resources in Agriculture through Education. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 376–382. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201117

Azizi, B., 2019b. The Role of Agricultural Extension and Education System in Rural Entrepreneurship Development. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 365–375. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201116

B., Dr.S., 2020. Automatic Biometric Finger Vein Authentication System Using Wavelet Transform. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 139–152. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301084

B., Dr.S.B., 2020. Implementation of Real and Accurate Watermarking System For Security Using Logistic Regression Machine Learning Techniques. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 783–792. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301073

Babayan, A.H., 2020. Biological Characteristics of Tomato Moths and Comparative Biological Effectiveness of a Number of Insecticides in Greenhouse Conditions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 759–763. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301070

Basuny, A.M., Mohammed, G.M., 2020. Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Olive and Pomegranate Leave Juice on Streptozotocin Diabetes in Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 141–156. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301175

Betti, N.A., 2020. Antioxidant Activity of some Pyrrolidin-2-One Derivatives. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 362–373. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301032

B.J., B.N., 2020. Preprocessing Technique for Degraded Folded Documents. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 13–34. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301075

Bunyan, I.A., 2020. Corona Virus Affected of Human and Animal: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1116–1134. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301161

C., Dr.Balakrishnan, 2020. Ambush Marketing – Need for Legal Protection for Official Sponsors of Major Sports Events. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 674–686. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301126

C., Dr. Balakrishnan, 2020. A Study on Enhancement of Employee’s Performance through Engagement in India. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 666–673. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301125

Chachain, N.F., Al-Nadawi, F.A.M., Hameed, R.S., 2019. Review Article: The Honey bees. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 255–261. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201089

Chaitanya, G.K., 2020. Verification of Pattern Unlock and Gait Behavioural Authentication through a Machine Learning Approach. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 730–751. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301131

D., S., 2020. A CT Scan Brain Image Disease Recognization and Classification Using Isvm Machine Learning Technique. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 506–519. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301115

D, V.R., S, K., J, K., 2019a. A Study on Life Insurance Products for Long Term Financial Planning with References to Chennai City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201056

D, V.R., S, K., J, K., 2019b. A Study on Life Insurance Analyzer Tools in Indian Market. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201054

D, V.R., S, K., J, K., 2019c. CRM Practices of Commercial Banks. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201053

Dahil, K.M.S., 2019. Measurement of Lead and Cobalt Ratio in Pregnant Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 478–492. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201112

Dawood, N.J., 2019. Study of Antimicrobial Resistance Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Sample and Waste-water of Basra Hospital. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 442–448. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201108

Dheya, B.M., Bader, A.M., 2019. Effect of Nano-Powders and Rubber on Impact Properties of Composites Used in Armors. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201057

Elhachemi, T., 2019. The Impact of Transfer Mechanism on Knowledge Acquisition at International Joint Venture. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 290–305. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201092

Fahad, H.R., Yas, N.S., Jameel, H., 2019. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Dentistry. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201034

Faris, A.A., 2020. The Firm Value According to MM and BFO Theories: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 685–700. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301063

G., A., 2020. A Survey on Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques in Assessing Fruit Quality. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 303–318. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301098

G., C.P.L., 2020. An Investigation on the PCov Plots for Evoked Facial Electromyography (FEMG) Signals for Human Robot Interaction. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 520–571. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301116

G, N., P, P., V. S, G., Deevi, S., 2020. An Intelligent Watermarking Technique for Secured Medical Images with Patient Health Document. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 01–17. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301165

Gajmal, Y.M., R, U., 2020. Data Access Controls in Cloud: A Survey. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301172

Ghazzay, A.A., 2020. Using Ginger Supplements as Antioxidant to Enhance Proliferation of Male Gonads Cells in Mice. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1109–1115. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301160

Ghorbani, P., 2020. Serum Lipid Profile and Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Neonates. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 42–59. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301005

Global Strategic Business Management: Focusing On the Strategic Business Unit of Amazon Whole Foods, 2019. . LEPI. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301001

G.S., M., 2020. A New Pattern of Searchable Encryption Using AES for Privacy Protection in Cloud. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 616–626. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301057

Gurijala, A., 2020. Estimation of Environmental Analysis of Musi Stream in Hyderabad India: A Model Study. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 188–208. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301017

H., Dr.S., 2020. A Pervasive Multi-Distribution Perceptron and Hidden Markov Model for Context Aware Systems. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 818–833. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301136

H.A., L., Ali, Ahmed.Y., Kadhim, I.H., Kahlil, M.R., Hussain, N., 2019. Levels of Radon in Different Types of Juices Are Different In Origin Consumed and Effective on Human Health in the City of Hilla-Babel-Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201029

Hadi, A.A.N., Saad, A.M., Hussei, O.K., 2020. Study Effect of Interlukin 17 on Microbiota that it Causes Disorder of Gastrointestinal Tract in Iraqi Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 176–183. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301177

Hadi, Halaa., 2020. Study of the Association of Glucagon like Peptide-1 Receptors (GLP-1R) Gene Polymorphism and GLP-1 Hormone Levels in Type 2 Diabetics Patients in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 421–429. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301037

Haji, G.F., 2020. Survey of Hypertensive Patients Visiting Outpatient Clinics in Baghdad Associated Co Morbidities, Diseases and Risk Factors. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 589–595. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301118

Hamdan, I.A.-A., 2020. Investigating the Physochemical Properties of Local Iraqi Goats Milk and Impact of Birth Type and Birth Sex in Al-Samawa Province. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 158–165. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301014

Hamed, F.M., Shalaal, Semmah., Hlail, A.T., Hassan, B.A., 2019. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Study of Acetone Extracts of Menthe and Olive Leaves. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201007

Hameed, S., 2019. Removal of Iron and Manganese from Ground Water by Different Techniques. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 458–468. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201110

Hamzaabood, A., 2020. Abnormal Morphology of Mature Oocyte: Predisposing Factors and Further Consequences Following Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 283–291. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301024

Hashim, W.S., 2020. Physiological Disturbances Caused by Citalopram in Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 408–416. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301107

Hassan, I.R., Ayyed, M.A., Mohammed, H.H., 2020. Correlation between Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index among Primary Schools in Tikrit City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 211–219. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301180

Heajm, T.S., Jarallah, Dr.E.M., 2020. Molecular Study of Antibiotic Resistant Genes among Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Hila Hospitals. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 288–296. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301189

H.K. Sray, A., 2019. Serological and Molecular Estimation of Theileria Equi Infections in Horses of Baghdad, Al-Qadisiyah, and Wasit Provinces / Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 391–404. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201103

Hmoodal-Khalidy, K., 2020. Molecular Diagnosis of Hymenolepisnanain Experimentally Infected Swiss Mice and Study the Effect of the Hot Aqueous Extract of Syzygiumaromaticum (clove) on the Worms. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301013

Husain, R.J., 2019. Anti-adhesive Effect of Coating Prevent Insects Adhesion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 432–441. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201107

Hussein, Ali.F., Kareem, E.A.Z.A., Dawood, A.H., Dawood, Nada.J., 2019. Changes in Value of Some Blood Parameters before and After Hemodialysis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201035

Hussein, D.A., 2019. The Prevalent and Correlations between Subclinically Hypothyroidism and Gall Stones Disease. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201031

Hussein, H.H., 2020. Per-operative Breast Cancer Study of Lipid Profile in Babylon Province. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301163

Hussein, K., 2020. Simulate Bcl-2 Cells Proteins and Test their Efficacy with Quinoline Derivative Compounds. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 790–800. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301134

Ibrahim, A.H., 2019. Study and Characterization of Bacteria Isolation from Different Types of Vegetables Sources in Basra Markets. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 350–355. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201098

Ibrahim, Ali.H., 2020. Study of Characterization Bacteria Isolation from Different Types of Vegetables Sources in Basra Markets. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 379–385. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301104

Ibrahim, T.K., 2020. Estimating the Level of Some Hormones (Follicle-stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone in Females and Testosterone in Males) in Patients with Leukemia in Kirkuk City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301093

I.H., Z., 2020. Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Different Wood Types Growing in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 166–176. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301015

Imran, R.A., 2020. Quantity – Intensity (Q/I) Relationship and Phosphorus Fixation in Calcareous Soils Fertilized with Mineral Phosphate and Organic Matter. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1158–1166. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301164

Israhadi, E.I., 2020. Analysis Management of Land through Land Political Laws: Reform. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 499–505. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301114

J, P., 2020. Logical Approach to Predict Arthritis Using Machine Learning. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301027

Sinbah, H., Helal, T.A., Jaffer, Noor.Dia., 2019. Evaluation of the Adsorption Equilibrium for the Potential Removal of Brilliant Green Dye From Aqueous Medium Through Using a Palm Bark Surface. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201077

Jabbar, K.K., 2019. Synthesis and Characterization of Lipoic Acid–Peptide Conjugates and Their Effect on Collagen and Melanogenesis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201003

Jawad1, H.M., Mohammed, Z.A.A., 2019. A Qualitative Study of Soil Algae in Vegetable Farms in the Eastern Hamza (Al-Sharqi) District During Summer and Autumn. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201076

Jebur, I.M., 2020. Prevalence and Risk Factors in Anaemic Pregnant Women in Najaf, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 445–450. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301039

Jebur, M.A.M., 2020. Gross and microscopic Evaluation for Wound Timing and Vitality in Forensic Practice. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 302–310. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301026

Jena, K.K., Mishra, Sasmita, Mishra, Sarojananda, Bhoi, S.K., Nayak, S.R., 2019. MRI Brain Tumor Image Analysis Using Fuzzy Rule based Approach. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 98–112. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201012

Juber, A.B., 2020. Using of Quercetin Modulates Pulmonary Oxidative Toxicity and Perturbation Induced by Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles as an Antioxidant Defense System. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 195–208. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301088

Juraevich, K.D., 2020. A Study of the Heredity of some Morphobiological Traits of the Species GossypiumhirsutumL. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 368–378. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301103

K., G., 2020. Knowledge Sharing Culture & System and Its Impact. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 625–635. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301122

K, K., 2020. D-Impact Score-Calculating Author’s Impact in a Specific Domain. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 430–444. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301038

K, K., S, S., Ss, A., 2020. Design and Development of Resources Management Information System for Construction Projects. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 42–53. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301168

Khadur, Z., 2019. Determining the Concentrations of some Chemical Parameters and Escherichia Coli Positivity in Drinking Water from Different Sources in Diyala Province. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 306–312. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201093

K., S., 2020. Similarity Measure in Dengue Diagnosis Problem Using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301079

K, S.R., 2020. Recommendation System in Social Media: A Case Study. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 574–579. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301051

Kadhem, W.M., Allaithi, L.A.A., Majhwol, E.M., 2020. The Protective Role of Juglans Regia on Oxidative Stress Induced by the Enalapril Drug in Male White Rats. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 226–233. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301182

Kadhim, D.K., 2019. The Association between Demographic Characteristics and Serological Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondii in Iraqi Women with First Trimester and Second Trimester Abortion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 415–425. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201105

Kadhim, R.J.M., 2020. Mathematical Model for Compensation Non-Germinated Seeds as a Result of Soil Salinity. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 975–983. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301151

Kadir, S.A.R., 2019. Drug Delivery System for Prolonger Durations Local Anesthesia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201033

Khan, Dr.S.I., 2020. Drivers of Customer Satisfaction for Mobile Service Provider in Maharashtra (India). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 708–720. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301065

Khan, Dr.S.I., Sultan, Dr.A.A., Riyadh, H.A., 2019. Academic Performance, Social Media Effects, and Leaning of College Students: Evidence of Positive Influence in Erbil City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 177–186. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201081

Kholmuratovna, K.Z., 2020. The Importance of Monitoring and Controlling Saline Soils in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 931–935. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301146

Khoshnevisan, D., 2020. Arvand Rud River Pollution and Legal-environmental Challenges. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 7–19. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301002

Khursheed, J.F., Ali, A.H., 2020. Evaluation of Management Information Systems in Health Organizations Case Study (Kirkuk Health Directorate). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 30–47. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301004

Kochkarova, S., 2020. Study of Successional Processes of Vegetation Cover on the Dried Seabed of the Aral Sea. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 764–768. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301071

Kola, R.R.K., Bojja, P., 2020. Tumor Detection and Prediction of Alignments of Livestock by Using Machine Learning and IoT. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301166

Koti, K., 2019. Variables Influencing Investor Behavior: The Case of Bombay Stock Exchange. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201010

Kumar, G.N.S., 2019. Modelling and Simulation of a Multi-drive Accelerating Moving Walkway in Metropolitan Cities. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 362–376. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201100

Kumar, P.A., 2020. Botnet Detection with Machine Learning Classifiers. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 329–335. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301100

Lateef, I., 2020. Study the Effect of Some Growth Factor on the Production of Pectinase Enzyme by Locally Isolation Bacteria. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 408–420. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301036

M., B., 2020. A Video Retrieval System with Orthogonal Polynomials Model based Shot Detection, Key Frame Selection and Color Feature Extraction. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 453–479. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301112

M, J., 2020. An Effective Customer Churn Prediction Model using Adaptive Gain with Back Propagation Neural Network in Cloud Computing Environment. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 386–399. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301034

M., M.R., 2020. Declustering Seismic Data for Catalogue Completeness Analysis and Characterization of Seismic Sources. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 209–226. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301018

M., P., 2020. Upper Aero Digestive Tract Cancer: A Detailed Exploration Using Computer Vision Techniques. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 648–665. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301124

Tarek, A., 2019. How and When to Control Cornstemborers Esamia Cretica Led on Maize Zea Mays L. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 243–254. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201088

Madhkhoor, S.R., 2019. Evaluation of Vitamin D Serum Levels in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients and Healthy Individuals in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 217–221. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201085

Madhloom, Z.S., 2020. Bcl-2 Protein Contributes to the Formation or Progression of Human Colorectal Carcinoma. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 459–470. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301041

Madhoor, H.A.A., Al-Shammary, M.Z.F., 2020. The Effect of Foliar Spray Spraying with IQ–combi Manure and Chelating Fertilizer for Microelements and GA3 and their Interference in the Concentration of some Amino Acids in Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella Foenum-graecum L.). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 157–175. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301176

Mahmood, Z.M., 2020. The Blind Spots Leadership and Its Effect in Achieving the Strategic Vigilance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 572–588. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301117

M.Al-Ghazi, Z., 2019. The Effect of Camel’s Milk on Liver Enzymes of Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Treated with Ethanol. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 405–414. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201104

Mardan, F.N., 2020. Corporate Governance, Firm Performance and the Moderating Role of Intellectual Capital: A Conceptual Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 728–741. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301067

Martínez-Puma, E.G., Rivera-Mansilla, E.B., Lanchipa-Ale, A.P., Ramos-Quispe, T., Villalba-Condori, K.O., 2019. Reading Comprehension Competences and Their Influence on the School Performance of Peruvian Students in Public Primary Education Institutions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201064

Menon, S., 2020. Organizational Agility Assessment for Higher Education Institution. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 561–573. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301050

Mohammed, M.I., 2020. Construction Selection Indices and Partitioned Correlation into Direct and Indirect Effects of Yield and its Components Traits of Triticale X Triticosecale Wittmack. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 910–921. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301144

Mohanty, Dr.A.K., 2020. Food Insecurity and Nutrition in Selected Districts of Ethiopia: An Ordered Logit Approach. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 424–430. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301109

Mozafari, B., Keshtkaran, Z., Momennasab, M., Nick, N., Pourahmad, S., 2019. Investigating the Relationship between Health Literacy and Lifestyle in the SecondGrade High School Adolescents. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 173–184. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201037

Mozan, H.D.K.A.-, Alyousif, N.A., 2019. Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Ascarislumbricoides Ova Isolated from Soil in Thi-qar Province, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 279–289. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201091

M.S, A.V., 2020. Estimation of Body Fat Percentage Using Neural Networks, Tensorflow and Opencv. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 696–709. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301128

Mshari, A., Hussein, A.F., Dawood, Nada.J., 2019. Ability of Creative of bioformulations Using Bacillus Subtilis for Biological Control of Some Plant Disease Fungi. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201059

Muller, P.S., 2020. Early Detection of Diabetes during Pregnancy Using Data Mining Tool. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 936–945. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301147

Muraih, J.K., 2020. Antibacterial Susceptibility and Phytochemical Profile of Capparis Spinosa Stem. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 644–654. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301059

Mustafa, M.N., Abdulghafoor, H.A., Ali, A.H., 2020. Evaluation the Expression of TGFB3 and Cyclin E1 Markers in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 281–287. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301188

N., S.R., 2020. An Efficient Deep Classification for Malayalam Handwritten Document. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 01–12. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301074

Naidu, Ch.V.A., 2020. Data Sythesys and Knowledge Engineering. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 527–535. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301047

Nalli, R., 2019. A Novel Sensorless Controlling Technique for A 3-Phase Brushless DC Motor. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 493–507. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201113

Naraghi, L., 2020. A Study on the Development of Talaromycesflavus Formulations by a Fermenter and Some of their Biological Properties. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 74–92. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301007

Nasser, N.A., 2019. Evaluation of Serum Placental Protein 13 and Tissue Placental Protein- 13 Receptor in PregnantWomen with Pre-Eclampsia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201102

Nguyen, N.V., 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 on Education Activity at Tra Vinh University – Vietnam. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301173

Nijris, O.N., 2020. Attempting to Reduce the Infection with Shigella Flexneri by Therapeutic Lactobacillus Plantrum in White Rabbits. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 596–604. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301054

Noaman, A.T., 2019. Prophylaxis Antibacterial for Leukemia of Pediatrics Patient. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201058

Noor, T., 2020. Pandemic Covid 19 and its Effects that Limiting Air Pollution: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 963–974. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301150

Nooruldeen, M.Y., 2020. Change in 18S rRNA Genes Sequence of Cryptosporidium Parvum Isolated from Diarrheal Patients. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 589–595. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301053

Obaid, H.J., 2020. Analysis of the Relationship between Earnings Quality and Financial Failure: Empirical Study of Iraqi Industrial Companies. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 356–367. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301102

Obayes, L.M., 2020. A Comparison of Using Soya and Artemia as Live Food for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fry. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 400–407. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301035

Obead, A.R., Al-Shalah, M.A.N., Smaism, M.F., 2019. Novel Role of Fourier Transform Infrared and Chemical Analysis in Differential between Gallstone Diseases. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 65–72. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201025

Oleiwi, A.H., Munshid, F.A., Salman, A.N., 2019. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201079

Pagarra, H., 2020. Isolation and Optimization of Endophytic Bacteria from Roots of Karst Area Ecosystems Producing Protease Enzymes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 431–439. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301110

Pattiasina, V., 2020. Determinants of Taxpayer Compliance Level: Empirical Study in East Indonesia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 339–351. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301030

Ponnapalli, K., Ss, A., Kumar, G.T.V., Chandra, D.S., 2020. Design and Development of Geospatial Technology based Urban Information Model (UIM) for Evaluation of City Level Applications. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301167

Prasad, Ch.R., Bojja, P., 2020. Priority-based Variable Time-slot Assignment Routing Algorithm in WBANs for Ehealthcare Systems. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 54–66. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301169

Prasanna, N.M., 2020. Design and Real Time Implementation of Anfis Controller for Optimizing the Burning Zone Temperature in Rotary Kiln in Cement Industry. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 480–498. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301113

R., J., 2020. Li-Fi Based Underwater Video Communication. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 946–952. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301148

R., S., 2020. IOT Integrated Virtual Hand for Robotic Arm Using Leap Motion Controller. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301077

Rad, S.S., Pirmohammadi, F., Ataei, M., Hashemi, A., Bazrafkan, M., Abrishami, S.E., 2020. Molecular Investigation of Brugada Syndrome Prevalence in Iranian Families. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301008

Raghunanda, S., 2020. Error Classification based on Multinomial NB and Random Forests. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 687–695. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301127

Rajasekaran, R., K, G., Jindal, A., Mehtani, R., Masih, J., Sai, M.C., 2019a. Visualization Effect of Changing Climatic Trends on Natural Calamities: Hurricanes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201022

Rajasekaran, R., K, G., Reddy, A., Reddy, U.S., Reddy, Y., 2019b. Visual Analysis of Temperature Time Series and Rainfall Using Big Data. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201023

Raju, V.L., 2020. A Compact Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Cross Slot Notch Antenna for ISM Band Medical and Radio Navigation Applications. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 496–510. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301044

Ramahi, Dr.H.A.M.A., Albahadili, M.A., 2019. New Sign for Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201080

Ramesh, S., 2020. Effective Use of Ideas from Vedas and Upanishads to Integrate Educational Technologies. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301078

Ranganathan, M., Rathnasabapathy, M., 2019. Cognitive Impairment of Stroke Patient with Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) – Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) – Left Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Territory Stroke with Left Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Occlusion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201009

Rao, G.R.K., 2020. Preventing Mobile Blockade and DDOS Assaults in ICN Network Communication Using Routing Path Identifiers. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 234–245. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301020

Rasheed, R.A., 2020. The Metformin Mimic Activity of Prosopis Farcta Root Extract in Endothelial Induced Dysfunction Coronary Artery. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 752–780. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301132

Razaghi, F., 2020. Evaluation of Compliance Rate of Baharlou Hospital Performance with Hospital Wastes Separation Policy. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301003

Riyadh, H.A., 2020. The Ugly Behind the Beauty of Corporate social Responsibility: A General Conceptual Perspective. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 750–758. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301069

S., A., 2020. Detection of Abnormalities in Electrocardiography Signals Using (FIR) Filter. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 710–719. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301129

S, B.P., R, P., Rani, J., 2019. A Study on Factors Determining Foreign Institutional Investments in India. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201052

Kadhim, Q., Abdullah, A.J., 2019. Sensitivity of WRF-Chem Predictions to Characterize Dust Source Function in Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 222–234. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201086

S., R., 2020. Fuzzy Economic Order Quantity Model with Imperfect Quality Items under Repair Option. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 627–643. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301058

S., Sandhiya, 2020. A Decision-Making Method based on Moora Under Fuzzy Soft Sets. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 720–729. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301130

S., Santhi, 2020. Minimizing Rental Cost in Flow Shop Scheduling Problem Under Fuzzy Environment. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 319–328. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301099

S., V.E., 2020. Bilateral Perona-malik Diffusion Filtering based Topological Multitude Feature Vector for Breast Cancer Detection. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 110–128. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301010

Sadasivam, B., 2019. Growth Regulators Optimization for Shoot Induction and Regeneration of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201087

S.Alias, A., 2019. A Survey of the Natural Cholinesterase Activity in Some Animals and Birds of Mosul City. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 377–381. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201101

Salih, Dr.M.M., Hamed, Dr.S.I., 2020. Human Capital and its Reflections in Achieving Sustainable Tourism Development in a Sample of Excellent and First Class Hotels in Iraq: Field Study. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 67–95. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301170

Salleh, F., 2020. B40 Health Micro Takaful’s Working Framework in Malaysia. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301021

Salman, I.S., 2020. Isolation and Characterization Skin Fibroblast of Newborn Mice Using Easy and Simple Protocol. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 615–624. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301121

Salman, S.D., 2020a. Effects of Aging on the Body Systems: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301154

Salman, S.D., 2020b. Effect of the Stress on the Body Systems: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 1003–1010. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301153

Shakir, O.M., 2020. Impact of Toxoplasma Gondii on both Luteinizing and Follicular Stimulating Hormones Inpregnant Women. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 471–478. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301042

Shalab, M.A., Kadhim, Dr.N.F., 2020. Evaluation of Hilla River Water by Measuring some Physical and Chemical Factors. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 203–210. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301179

Sharif, G.S., Ali, J.I.M., 2019. Detailed Review of the Morphology and Life Cycle of the Codling Moth, Cydia Pomonella (l.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), and Its DNA Barcodes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201024

Singh, E.H., 2020. Drayang: Through the Lens of Socio-Economic Landscape of Urban Culture in Bhutan. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 769–782. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301072

Sony, B., 2020. Analysis of Roadway Crash Prediction Studies on Urban Roads under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 292–301. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301025

Sumaja, M., 2020a. Impact of Organizational Culture with Decentralization of Authority on Employee Performance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 270–276. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301095

Sumaja, M., 2020b. Impact of Organizational Culture with Decentralization of Authority on Employee Performance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 417–423. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301108

Suriani, N.L., Suprapta, D.N., Khalimi, K., Darmadi, A.A.K., Parwanayoni, N.M.S., 2019. The Combination of Piper Caninum Blume and Piper Betle Var. Nigra Leaf Extract to Press Blast Disease on Oryza Sativa Linn in Vitro. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 196–204. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201083

Swar, S.O., 2020. Prevalence and Microscopic Studies of Mixed Sarcocystis Infection in Naturally Infected Sheep and Goats in Soran City, Erbil- Iraq. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 669–684. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301062

T, R.P., S, A., 2019. Automatic Extraction of Images from Medical Videos Repository. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201002

Taek, P., 2020. Diversity of Pest Insects and Pest Predators of Rice Plant as Indicator of Control Determination. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 440–452. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301111

Talib, M.T.M., 2020. The Effect of Infected Period, Previous, Infection and Family History Infection, with Candida Albicans on the appearance of Candidiasis in Pregnant Women. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 605–610. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301055

Tarish, A.H., Shammaa, R.I.T.A.-, 2019. Challenges and Innovations of Drug Delivery for Older Adults. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201006

Toma, F.B., 2020. Influence of Diet Supplementation with Garlic, Black Seed and Lettuce Leave on Kurdish Layer Henfertility, Hatchability and some Blood Physiological Properties. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 399–407. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301106

Upadhyaya, M., 2019. People’s Geographical Behaviour: The Influence of Social Media Usage on Shoppers’ Buying Intentions. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201011

V, D., Anguraj, D.K., 2020. A Novel Study on Node Localization, Clustering and Routing Models in Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 96–108. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I3/301171

V., H., 2020. Supply Chain Management: How India Ranks Among Brics Countries. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 336–355. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301101

V, V., R, M., 2019. Enhanced Decision Making with RFDS Search Key in RFID Environments. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201060

Vakkapatla, K.B., 2020. Secure Economic Emission Dispatch Using Multi-objective Continuous Genetic Algorithm Incorporating Reliability Indices. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 553–560. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301049

Venkateswaran, Dr.P.S., Sabarirajan, Dr.A., Rajest, S.S., Regin, R., 2019. The Theory of the Postmodernism in Consumerism, Mass Culture and Globalization. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 97–113. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201075

Viktorovna, S., Olga, 2020. Yield and Elements of Its Structure in Varieties of Membranous and Hulless Barley in the Northern Trans-Urals. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 742–749. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301068

Vo, T., Tran, T.V., Tran, T.T.M., Dang, N., Le, N., Truong, Q.-K., 2019. The Economic Impact of Asthma Treatment on Patients, 2014-2017: The Vietnamese Experience from a Public Hospital. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I1/201001

V.P., A.R., 2020. A Novel Aproaches for Malayalam Handwritten Character Segmentation. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301076

Yazid, A.S., 2020a. Determinants of Tourists’ Arrivals in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301080

Yazid, A.S., 2020b. International Tourists’ Intention to Travel to Malaysia: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 266–282. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301023

Yazid, A.S., 2020c. Does Corporate Social Responsibility Activities Have a Role in Creating Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty? Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 106–123. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301082

Yazid, A.S., 2020d. The Effect of Corporate Image on Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Effect of Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 124–138. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301083

Yazid, A.S., 2020e. Disaster Resilience: Community and Stakeholder Perspective. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 87–105. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301081

Zabbon, A.A., 2020. Obesity and Overweight: A Review. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 879–889. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301140

Zahid, I.M., 2019. Ajwa Date Extract Can Alleviate Theadverse Effects of Gentamicin on the Reproductive Functions of Male Albino Mice. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 325–342. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I4/201096

Zahraa, A.A.-, Joofy, I.K.A.-, Khelkal, I.N., 2019. Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activities of Purified Microcin Produced by Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Experimental Animals. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I2/201005

Zamel, R.S., Mohammed, B.K., Yaseen, A.S., Hussein, H.T., Nayef, U.M., 2019. Preparation and Characterization of Ag Nanoparticles on Porous Silicon for Photo Conversion. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, 82–95. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201027

Zubaidi, S.J.J.A., 2020. Molecular Detection of Virulence Factors Genes of Capsular Polysaccharide in Multidrug Resistance Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from different Clinical Sample. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, 386–398. https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V51I2/301105

Blandowski’s Catalogue is one of the most precious items held by the Museums Victoria Archives. It documents natural history specimens collected by William Blandowski (1822-1878) and Gerard Krefft (1830-1881) and colleagues working with First Peoples communities for the National Museum of Victoria (predecessor of Museums Victoria) during an expedition along the Lower Murray and Darling River from December 1856 to December 1857. Murray fishes listed in the Catalogue were later controversially used to describe prominent members of the Philosophical Institute in Blandowski’s 1858 paper Recent Discoveries in Natural History on the Lower Murray. Blandowski refused to hand-over to Professor Frederick McCoy, the National Museum of Victoria’s first Director, many of the specimens collected on the expedition, and associated research notes and illustrations, causing further controversy. Blandowski’s Catalogue has recently been digitised by BHL Australia and is now available to view online.

Blandowski was appointed Government Zoologist in 1854 when the Museum of Natural and Economic Geology (precursor to the National Museum of Victoria, and Museums Victoria) was founded. He had migrated from the Kingdom of Prussia (now Poland) to Adelaide in 1849, then on to the goldfields of Victoria in 1851. Krefft, originally from Duchy of Brunswick (now Germany), immigrated to New York City circa 1850, then to Australia and the Victorian goldfields in 1852. Blandowski was entrusted with an expedition to the Lower Murray; a previous expedition in 1849 had failed under the leadership of Surveyor Edward White. Blandowski had several assistants to accompany him on the expedition, including Gerard Krefft and later James Manson, who joined the expedition in February 1857. Krefft was hired as an artist on the Lower Murray Expedition but also worked on labelling specimens and adding information to Blandowski’s Catalogue, and subsequently employed by McCoy in February 1858 to select specimens to be kept by the National Museum of Victoria.

Mondellimin, name derived from Mondellunddellun used by the local Yarree community, about 480 kilometres from Melbourne, also known as Chaffey Landing at Merbein, near Mildura, was the permanent campsite for the expedition from April to December 1857. “On the 6th of August he [Blandowski] left the camp in charge of Krefft and Manson and proceeded towards Melbourne with his valuable collections of specimens of natural history, which had been accumulating in his tent during his long sojourn at Mondellimin, to the extent of 28 boxes and parcels, containing in all about 16,000 specimens” (South Australian Register, 15 October 1857, p.3). Part of the collection had already shipped from Echuca, and specimens collected after Blandowski returned to Melbourne, came back with Krefft in December 1857. Blandowski attributed the specimens acquired largely due to the collecting skills of the local Indigenous peoples and acknowledged the taxidermy work of Krefft and Manson.

Blandowski’s Catalogue lists 17,434 specimens were collected, under 3389 catalogue numbers. Krefft catalogued specimens 1 to 3389, leaving some lines blank, recording specimen number, name of specimen, description of the specimen (although this was mostly left blank), number of specimens, locality whence obtained, donor’s name (also left blank), and remarks. Each specimen has general locality information allowing scientists to estimate where the specimen occurred at a point in time.

Blandowski’s infamous Murray fishes are described in the Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria. Figure 19 (N) Brosmius Bleasdalii named after a very prominent member of the Philosophical Institute Council, the Reverend Bleasdale: “A slimy, slippery fish. Lives in the mud. Is of a violent bluish colour on the belly. The whole upper surface is of a dirty olivish-green colour, with numerous irregular dark patches.” Figure 4 (B) Cernua Eadesii named after another very prominent member of the Council, Dr Eades: “A fish easily recognised by its low forehead, big belly and sharp spine.”

Blandowski returned to Melbourne from the expedition in August 1857, four months before the rest of the party. To McCoy’s outrage, Blandowski did not return to the National Museum of Victoria (then located at the University of Melbourne, Parkville campus), and held on to field notes, many of the specimens collected on the expedition, and illustrations from the expedition. The matter was brought before the Board of Science, McCoy wrote to the Chief Secretary on 28 April 1858 (MV Archives OS~04400): “…Mr Blandowski should be compelled to give up at once all specimens, books, journals and field observations, and the portfolio of several hundred drawings made by the party under his orders, and all illustrative lists and memoranda connected with the Public Collections, the property of the Victorian Government.”

Eventually all the specimens collected were returned to the Museum, however McCoy exchanged or donated many of the specimens with other museums and many were destroyed by insects over time, leaving about 15% of the total specimens collected on the expedition in Museums Victoria State Collection to this day. To view some of the specimens online, visit Museums Victoria Collections website.

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Editor’s Note

This post has been edited to add further details of the expedition, including the roles of participants and more specific dates of their participation in the expedition.

Carnivorous plants, beguiling vegetables capable of attracting, trapping, and digesting animal prey, have fascinated generations of botanists on nearly every continent. However, there is perhaps no better way to trace their rise to cultural prominence than through the eyes of the Darwin family. The botanical legacy of Charles Darwin, his grandfather Erasmus, and son Francis, conveys the dramatic shift in how carnivorous plants were perceived by general botanical audiences from the late eighteenth century and into the twentieth. From poetic musings about their carnivorous habits to pulp fiction accounts of man-eating vegetal monsters, the BHL carnivorous plant collection offers a glimpse into the powerful spell these plants have cast over readers and observers through the centuries.

Charles Darwin was enamoured with carnivorous plants. As early as 1859, soon after encountering the sundew Drosera rotundifolia on an English heath, the author of On the Origin of Species wrote, “I care more about Drosera than the origin of all the species in the world” (Darwin Correspondence Project). By September 1860 he was working with Dionaea muscipula as well, and would later dub the Venus flytrap “one of the most wonderful” plants in the world (Darwin 1875, 286). Darwin’s rigorous experimentation with these enigmatic vegetal carnivores culminated in 1875 with the publication of Insectivorous Plants. This treatise laid the framework for the study of plant carnivory as it exists today and cemented the notion of carnivorous plants in the scientific and public imagination.

Yet Charles Darwin was neither the first nor the only one in his family to delight at the Venus flytrap and its murderous cohort. Indeed, his fascination with these plants developed over three generations of philosophical thought and scientific experimentation that included his grandfather and son. The family’s work with carnivorous plants reveals much about the enduring botanical legacy of Erasmus, Charles, and Francis Darwin.

Poetic Botany

The second part of Erasmus Darwin’s poem The Botanic Garden (1789) sought to display the Linnaean sexual system through poetic analogies of plant sexuality and human affairs, accompanied by Erasmus’ own botanical notes and observations. He carefully weaved together mythological and the physiological discussions through poetic prose and technical footnotes, appealing to a broad audience of general readers and botanical experts alike. His stanza on Drosera beautifully illustrates the tone of the work as a whole:

Queen of the marsh, imperial Drosera treads
Rush-fringed banks, and moss-embroider’d beds;
Redundant folds of glossy silk surround
Her slender waist, and trail upon the ground;
Five sister-nymphs collect with graceful ease,
Or spread the floating purple to the breeze;
And five fair youths with duteous love comply
With each soft mandate of her moving eye.
As with sweet grace her snowy neck she bows,
A zone of diamonds trembles round her brows,
Bright shines the silver halo, as she turns;
And, as she steps, the living lustre burns. (Darwin 1791, 24-25)

Erasmus considered the “viscous material” of the Drosera merely a mechanism to prevent “small insects from infesting the leaves,” “[a]s the ear-wax in animals seems to be in part designed to prevent fleas and other insects from getting into their ears” (Darwin 1789, 24). Darwin further relayed in his extensive notes to the reader that “[i]n the Dionaea Muscipula there is a still more wonderful contrivance to prevent the depredations of insects: […] so irritable, that when an insect creeps upon them, they fold up, and crush or pierce it to death” (Darwin 1789, 15). He had witnessed this “irritable” behavior of Dionaea firsthand in August 1788 at Ashburn Hall, Derbyshire, subsequently receiving a colored illustration of the flytrap from Maria Elizabetha Jacson.

Erasmus Darwin’s conviction that these mechanisms—“curious contrivance[s]” to “prevent various insects from plundering the honey, or devouring the seed”—were a defense against insects is perplexing, placing so much emphasis on the damage a tiny fly could inflict on these plants (Darwin 1789, 15). Was he perhaps allowing poetic metaphors to guide his understanding of biological phenomena? While painting a vivid picture of “The fell SILENE and her sisters fair,” who “[s]kill’d in destruction, spread the viscous snare,” he seemed to present his anthropomorphized botanical actors as righteous wardens rather than scheming hunters (Darwin 1789, 15).

Carnivorous plants continued to assert themselves in poetry and philosophical thought at the turn of the century. Some authors expressed incredulity and wonder at carnivory as such, as did the Irish poet Thomas Moore in Epistles, Odes, and Other Poems (1806): “The Lord deliver us, Think of a vegetable being ‘carnivorous!’” (Moore, 156). Moore’s verse parallels William Bartram’s lively 1791 description, included in his Travels Through North and South Carolina: “But admirable are the properties of the extraordinary Dionaea muscipula! […] carnivorous vegetable!” (Bartram 1791, xiii).

Darwin’s ‘Most Wonderful’ Plants

It was not until 1860, when another Darwin, Charles, began pondering the lethal activities of sundews to make sense of the Venus flytrap and other suspected vegetal carnivores. Over the course of the next decade, he sporadically worked with the Droseraceae. Among those who facilitated his study of these plants were the American naturalist Mary Treat and Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Darwin’s close friend and director of Kew Gardens, who supplied him with living specimens. Armed with this network of correspondents and the global resources of Kew, Darwin was able to carry out the investigations of carnivory from his backyard greenhouse in Downe.

In the early 1870s Darwin’s passion for these plants reached a fever pitch. While focusing mainly on Drosera, he simultaneously studied carnivory in Dionaea, Utricularia, Pinguicula, and Aldrovanda. Meanwhile, Hooker occupied himself with the pitcher plants Nepenthes, Sarracenia, and Cephalotus at Kew. Inspired by a visit to Darwin’s home, Dr. John Burdon-Sanderson, one of the most prominent physiologists of the nineteenth century, was also compelled to investigate the mysterious behavior of Dionaea.

Burdon-Sanderson’s experiments showed that Dionaea’s leaves closed only when unsuspecting prey disturbed the electric current running through the plant, just as animal muscles contract in response to stimulus. Darwin further elucidated the nature of this ingenious trapping mechanism. He realized that the plant had “learned” to determine the prey that was worth capturing. Of the three trigger hairs on each lobe of the leaf, two had to be touched within 20 seconds of each other to trigger the trap. Continuous stimulation would cause the trap to seal shut and begin digesting its prey, while smaller insects could simply slip out and the trap would reset. Part of Darwin’s enduring impact on biology was his work that examined such evolutionary adaptations through various botanical lenses, with carnivorous plants serving as a prime example.

Father and Son

Darwin’s son, Francis, carried on his father’s legacy in a variety of ways, including his own research of plant carnivory. Francis’s passion for carnivorous plants first stemmed from aiding his father in his work on Insectivorous Plants, in which he is credited with illustrating the tiny underwater traps of Aldrovanda and Utricularia. Drosera, however, was the resounding favorite of both father and son. Nearly two-thirds of Insectivorous Plants was dedicated to the sundew. Being privy to his father’s experiments, Francis sought to develop the book’s findings after the first edition was published.

Detractors of Charles Darwin’s carnivorous theory frequently pointed out that so-called carnivorous plants flourished in European hothouses year-round without any insect prey to feed on. Experiments that Darwin carried out while writing Insectivorous Plants sought to address this quandary but failed, as all the plants — fed or not — had died. Francis returned to the subject of his father’s beloved Drosera rotundifolia in June 1877, finding out that the sundews that had been ‘fed’ nearly doubled in seed production and size (Darwin 1878). Since these early experiments, many carnivorous genera have been proven to demonstrate increased size and biomass when the plants had access to insect prey. After his father’s death, Francis went on to publish a revised second edition of Insectivorous Plants in 1888, incorporating new discoveries by himself and others to enhance the scientific understanding of plant carnivory.

Botanical Bestiaries

Parallel to this shift in scientific illustration, an explosion of periodical literature featuring plant carnivory catapulted the Venus flytrap and its fellow vegetal carnivores into the public imagination. Fictional accounts of man-eating plants regularly featured in Anglo-American periodical literature at the end of the nineteenth century, perpetuating pseudo-scientific stories from fictional explorers encountering such horrors as the “Man-Eating Tree” of Madagascar or the “Vampire Vine” of Namibia (Prior 1939, 10-19).

 

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the author of Sherlock Holmes, helped jumpstart this craze in 1880 with “The American’s Tale.” First published anonymously in the Christmas special of the London Society magazine, this short story centered around a man killed by a massive Venus flytrap in the Arizona wilderness. The legendary science fiction writer H.G. Wells also wrote of a botanist’s blood-sucking orchid in 1905, laying the foundations for alien man-eating plants featured in musical, film, and television adaptations of Little Shop of Horrors and Day of the Triffids, popular in the twentieth century (Price 2013).

In Conclusion

As countless stunning cultivars are grown commercially to fuel the demanding global plant trade, wild populations of carnivorous plants have become increasingly threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, pollution, and anthropogenic climate change. Nearly half of all carnivorous plants fall under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) risk categories, ranging from near threatened to critically endangered. Frequently appearing in special exhibitions and displays at botanic gardens around the world, these plants continue to draw the fascination of millions of visitors each year. As legions of individuals have struggled to find a place for them within various social and scientific contexts, carnivorous plants have become firmly established as organisms of towering cultural significance.

The Plant Humanities Initiative at Dumbarton Oaks takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the roles of plants in human affairs. This blog series, and the BHL carnivorous plant collection, were created in collaboration with the Plant Humanities Lab – an open access platform developed by Dumbarton Oaks and JSTOR. Find more information on the cultural history of the Venus flytrap and many other plants here.

References and Additional Suggested Reading

Bartram, William, and T. Cander. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws : Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of Those Regions : Together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians : Embellished with Copper-Plates. Philadelphia : Printed by James and Johnson, 1791. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.109283

Darwin, Charles. Insectivorous Plants. London : J. Murray, 1875. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99933

Darwin, Charles, and Francis Darwin. Insectivorous Plants. London : J. Murray, 1888. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.74

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 2996,” accessed on 2 August 2021, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-2996.xml

Darwin, Erasmus. The Botanic Garden. A Poem in Two Parts. Pt. I Containing the Economy of Vegetation. Pt. 2. the Loves of the Plants. With Philosophical Notes. The third edition. London : Printed for J. Johnson, 1791. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.143120

Darwin, Francis. Experiments on the Nutrition of Drosera rotundifolia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 17(98), 17–31, 1878.

Ellis, John, Lockyer Davis, Carl von Linné, and James Roberts. Directions for Bringing over Seeds and Plants, from the East-Indies and Other Distant Countries, in a State of Vegetation : Together with a Catalogue of Such Foreign Plants as Are Worthy of Being Encouraged in Our American Colonies, for the Purposes of Medicine, Agriculture, and Commerce. To Which Is Added, the Figure and Botanical Description of a New Sensitive Plant, Called Dionaea Muscipula: Or, Venus’s Fly-Trap. London : Printed and sold by L. Davis, printer to the Royal Society, opposite Gray’s-Inn, Holborn, 1770. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.108658

Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Vol. 44. London, 1875.https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94451

Juniper, B. E. The Carnivorous Plants. London ; San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.

Moore, Thomas. Epistles, Odes, and Other Poems. James Carpenter, 1806.

Price, Cheryl Blake. “VEGETABLE MONSTERS: MAN-EATING TREES IN FIN-DE-SIÈCLE FICTION.” Victorian Literature and Culture 41, no. 2 (June 2013): 311–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150312000411

Prior, Sophia. Carnivorous Plants and “the Man Eating Tree.” Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1939. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25206

Recommended Sites

Darwin Correspondence Project

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened Species

International Carnivorous Plants Society (ICPS)

Plant Humanities Initiative

Wikipedia. “Carnivorous Plant.”

In a world where staggering habitat destruction and biodiversity loss have become the new normal, understanding the extraordinary interactions between plants and humans is increasingly urgent. Yet the human tendency to ignore the importance of plant-human interactions remains persistent. The Plant Humanities Initiative at Dumbarton Oaks seeks to address this gap in plant awareness through an interdisciplinary coalition of programs and scholarship tackling the cultural significance of plants in human affairs.

As the Digital Plant Humanities Intern for Dumbarton Oaks this summer, I will be writing an interactive, visual essay on the cultural history of Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) for the Plant Humanities Lab – a new open access portal developed by Dumbarton Oaks and JSTOR Labs. Accompanying this essay is a BHL collection highlighting the wealth of digitized scientific literature and botanical illustration surrounding carnivorous plants. These fascinating organisms attract, capture, and digest animal prey in order to supplement the nutrient-poor soil of their natural habitats. Today, over seven hundred species possessing this specialized suite of adaptations have been identified, evolving at least seven times independently!

As the English botanist Sir Joseph Hooker once proclaimed, “such vegetable sportsmen as the Sundew, the Venus’s Flytrap, and the Pitcher-Plants” have long been of interest to the botanically inclined (Hooker 1875, 102). The carnivorous plant collection on BHL emphasises sources that feature the Venus flytrap (Dionaea) and sundews (Drosera), as well as the pitcher plants (Nepenthes, Cephalotus, and Sarracenia). Each group represents a different trapping mechanism deployed by the plants to catch their prey: the infamously fast snap traps of Dionaea, dangerously beautiful adhesive leaves of Drosera, and the deceptively simple pitfall traps of the pitcher plants.

The Venus flytrap, a familiar household name and easily the most famous carnivorous plant, has inspired countless admirers over the past several hundred years. Charles Darwin considered it among the “most wonderful” plants in the world (Darwin 1875, 243). Carl von Linné, the father of modern taxonomy, dubbed it a “miracle of nature” (Linné 1774, 335). Even American naturalist and politician Thomas Jefferson attempted to cultivate Dionaea in order to showcase the flora of his fledgling nation. With carnivorous plants native to every continent except Antarctica, this macabre curiosity of the vegetable kingdom is in good company.

Indigenous Narratives

Before addressing the fascinating Western narrative of carnivorous plants, a story deeply rooted in colonial expansion and discovery, it is important to first note their rich place in indigenous cultural and medicinal practices around the world. Found in the wild globally, these plants have long been integrated into the knowledge systems of Indigenous peoples from locales as far-flung as Australia, Indonesia, Scandinavia, and North America.

Several Indigenous peoples appear to have been intimately familiar with the plants’ murderous habits long before the arrival of European colonizers, and this carnivorous behavior clearly influenced their cultural significance. The Toraja people of Sulawesi Selatan (South Celebes), Indonesia, believe that ants killed by the “suke-bombo” (a species of Drosera), housed the souls of dead ancestors (Nooy-Palm 1979, 228). By lighting the plants ablaze, these trapped souls could become rainclouds and bring a plentiful harvest. On the other side of the world, Native American Cherokee medical practitioners used the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea, the “never-failing insect hunter” to obtain a “never-failing memory” during their training rituals (Mooney 1931, 101). Water from various pitcher plants has been used medicinally in various cultural traditions for centuries, and scientists have only just begun to understand the medicinal powers of the Droseraceae, long prized for their anti-inflammatory chemical properties (Egan and Kooy 2013). Yet surviving texts that discuss the true purpose of their deadly design did not appear until the mid-eighteenth century, when European naturalists first encountered the Venus flytrap. [1]

Early Modern Herbals

Mostly cropping up in early modern medicinal herbals, there were several 16th-17th century accounts of insects being killed by plants. The Flemish botanist Rembert Dodoens is responsible for the first printed image of a carnivorous plant — a woodcut of Drosera rotundifolia under the Latin name “Ros Solis” in his herbal Crŭÿde boeck (1554).

The English herbalist John Gerard appears to have included some midges or gnats in sundew woodcuts from his 1597 herbal, largely plagiarized from Dodoens’ work. Of course, this detail could simply be a printing error and he certainly did not recognize the significance of this strange phenomenon. Upon careful inspection, D. rotundifolia also appears in the upper left corner of his elaborately engraved frontispiece. Try to spot it!

The unusual leaves of pitcher plants were even more puzzling for early modern naturalists. Mark Catesby suggested that Sarracenia pitchers served as an asylum for insects and frogs in his illustrated The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (Catesby 1734, 70). Scottish botanist Robert Morison wrote – incorrectly – that the lid of Sarracenia worked like a hinge to trap insects (Morison 1699, 533). Carl von Linné echoed this claim in Hortus Cliffortianus (Linné 1737, 497). In his “PrælectionesIn ordines naturales plantarum,” Linné further supposed that the purpose of the pitchers was to “supply water to thirsty birds” (Linné 1792, 316; see also Miller 1755, 161).

Linné was also the first to describe a carnivorous plant – Drosera and Aldrovanda – according to modern standards of binomial nomenclature, originally popularized through his own classification system based upon the number of sexual organs (i.e., pistils and stamens) that a plant possesses.

Discovering Carnivory

John Ellis, an English linen merchant, naturalist, and close friend of Linné, was the first to publish a scientific description and illustration of the Venus flytrap. Amended to the end of his short 1770 pamphlet on Transatlantic plant transport, a brief description in the guise of an open letter to Linné signaled the formal entrance of plant carnivory into Western scientific discourse.

Ellis points to the likelihood of carnivory in his letter to Linné:

“I know that every discovery in nature is a treat to you ; but in this you will have a feast […] no end or design of nature has yet appeared to you from these surprising motions […] the plant, of which I now enclose you an exact figure […] shows, that Nature may have some views towards its nourishment, in forming the upper joint of its leaf like a machine to catch food.” (Ellis 1770, 37)

Linné appears to have met this claim with skepticism, for in Mantissa Plantarum he preferred to describe the snap trap as a simple “catch-and-release” mechanism, intended to stave off predatory insects (Linné 1771, 238).

International Inquiries

Word of the strange Venus flytrap spread quickly across Europe, with a wide range of commentators in France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and England weighing in on the existence of carnivorous plants. Perhaps the most significant was little-known German botanist Albrecht Wilhelm Roth. After learning of Dionaea’s killer instincts, Roth sought to understand similar trapping mechanisms in two close European relatives: the sundews Drosera rotundifolia and D. longifolia. After extensive experiments attempting to explain the physiology of their sensitive trapping mechanisms, he devoted an entire chapter to the sundews in Beyträge Zur Botanik. [2] His work was later corroborated by William Withering and at least two other English botanists (Withering 1787, 332). He devoted part of his treatise to the more abstract problems carnivory posed… neatly tiptoeing around potential theological conflicts:

“Herr Ellis utters the conjecture in his letter to the Knight of Linné that nature, in the formation of the leaves of Dionaea, may have had some concern for its nourishment. Herr Hofrath Schreber, however, considers this assumption unbelievable, namely that the plant takes some nourishment from the insects crushed between its leaves. It is certain that we cannot judge with certainty what kind of intentions the wise creator had, that he gave these plants a special construction and irritable property, but I believe that one could not wrongly assume that the construction and the nature of these plants aim at in order to obtaining their nourishment for the maintenance and reproduction of their species. Because we can not determine whether these plants, in particular, may not need animal juices for their nourishment and preservation due to their special construction? In addition, we know that the leaves of the plants also have such vessels through which they draw foreign parts from the air for their food, so that there is no reason to doubt the possibility of this.” (Roth 1782, 73)

In 1791, the American naturalist William Bartram prefaced his “Travels through North and South Carolina” with what can be best described as a love letter to Dionaea:

“But admirable are the properties of the extraordinary Dionaea muscipula! A great extent on each side of that Turpentine rivulet is occupied by those sportive vegetables — let us advance to the spot in which nature has seated them. Astonishing production! see the incarnate lobes expanding, how gay and sportive they appear ready on the spring to intrap incautious deluded insects! what artifice! there behold one of the leaves just closed upon a struggling fly; another has gotten a worm; its hold is sure, its prey can never escape — carnivorous vegetable! Can we after viewing this object, hesitate a moment to confess, that vegetable beings are endued with some sensible faculties or attributes, similar to those that dignify animal nature; they are organical, living, and self-moving bodies, for see here, in this plant, motion and volition.” (Bartram 1791, xiii-xiv)

Bartram is, however, not so generous with other vegetable suspects like Sarracenia and Drosera, stating that “whether the insects caught in their leaves, and which dissolve and mix with the fluid, serve for ailment or support to these kinds of plants, is doubtful.” The Venus flytrap was met with similar skepticism in Europe. An Italian translation of John Hill’s A Decade of Curious and Elegant Trees and Plants (1773) claimed that unspecified experiments had proven Ellis’ notion of plant carnivory to be false, despite including a somewhat viscous-looking illustration of the flytrap.

A decade later, on the other side of the world, British explorer Matthew Flinders exalted the discovery of Cephalotus follicularis, a monotypic Australian pitcher plant:

”January 1802 […] Amongst the plants collected by Mr. Brown and his associates, was a small one of a novel kind, which we commonly call the pitcher plant. Around the root leaves are several little vases lined with spiny hairs, and these were generally found to contain a sweetish water, and also a number of dead ants. It cannot be asserted that the ants were attracted by the water, and prevented by the spiny hairs from making their escape; but it seemed not improbably, that this was a contrivance to obtain the means necessary either to the nourishment or preservation of the plant” (Flinders 1814, 64).

In Conclusion

The BHL carnivorous plant collection highlights some of the earliest attempts to understand the insatiable appetites of carnivorous plants, revealing the extent to which they were entangled with the history of botanical exploration. The next post in this series will explore these plants through the eyes of three generations of Darwins on BHL (Erasmus, Charles, and Francis), looking at their enduring impact on botany in the popular imagination.

References and Additional Suggested Reading

Bartram, William, and T. Cander. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws : Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of Those Regions : Together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians : Embellished with Copper-Plates. Philadelphia : Printed by James and Johnson, 1791. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.109283

Catesby, Mark. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands : Containing the Figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, Insects, and Plants : Particularly, the Forest-Trees, Shrubs, and Other Plants, Not Hitherto Described, or Very Incorrectly Figured by Authors : Together with Their Descriptions in English and French : To Which, Are Added Observations on the Air, Soil, and Waters : With Remarks upon Agriculture, Grain, Pulse, Roots, &c. : To the Whole, Is Prefixed a New and Correct Map of the Countries Treated Of. Vol. 2. London : Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul’s, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon’s in Hoxton, 1734. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62015

Darwin, Charles. Insectivorous Plants. London : J. Murray, 1875. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99933

Dodoens, Rembert. Crŭÿde Boeck : In Den Welcken Die Geheele Historie Dat Es Tgheslacht, Tfatsoen, Nae[m], Natuere, Cracht Ende Werckinghe, van Den Cruyden, Niet Alleen Hier Te Lande Wassende, Maer Oock van de[n] Andere[n] Vremde[n] in Der Medecynen Oorboorlijck, Met Grooter Neersticheyt Begrepen Ende Verclaert Es, Met Der Seluer Cruyden Natuerlijck Naer Dat Leuen Conterfeytsel Daer by Ghestelt. Gheprint Thantwerpen : In die Cammerstrate inden Arent seghen Scarabaeum by my Jan vander Loe, 1563. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7118

Egan, Paul A., and Frank van der Kooy. “Phytochemistry of the Carnivorous Sundew Genus Drosera (Droseraceae) – Future Perspectives and Ethnopharmacological Relevance.” Chemistry & Biodiversity 10, no. 10 (October 2013): 1774–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201200359

Ellis, John, Lockyer Davis, Carl von Linné, and James Roberts. Directions for Bringing over Seeds and Plants, from the East-Indies and Other Distant Countries, in a State of Vegetation : Together with a Catalogue of Such Foreign Plants as Are Worthy of Being Encouraged in Our American Colonies, for the Purposes of Medicine, Agriculture, and Commerce. To Which Is Added, the Figure and Botanical Description of a New Sensitive Plant, Called Dionaea Muscipula: Or, Venus’s Fly-Trap. London : Printed and sold by L. Davis, printer to the Royal Society, opposite Gray’s-Inn, Holborn, 1770. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.108658

Flinders, Matthew. A Voyage to Terra Australis : Undertaken for the Purpose of Completing the Discovery of That Vast Country, and Prosecuted in the Years 1801, 1802 and 1803, in His Majesty’s Ship the Investigator, and Subsequently in the Armed Vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner : With an Account of the Shipwreck of the Porpoise, Arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and Imprisonment of the Commander during Six Years and a Half in That Island. Vol. 1. London : Printed by W. Bulmer and Co. , Cleveland-Row ;, 1814. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.106080

Gerard, John, Edmund Bollifant, John Norton, Bonham Norton, William Rogers, and Rembert Dodoens. The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes. Imprinted at London : By [Edm. Bollifant for Bonham Norton and] John Norton, 1597. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99400

Green, Thomas., and Thomas Green. The Universal Herbal; or, Botanical, Medical, and Agricultural Dictionary; Containing an Account of All the Known Plants in the World, Arranged According to the Linnean System. Specifying the Uses to Which They Are or May Be Applied, Whether as Food, as Medicine, or in the Arts and Manufactures, with the Best Methods of Propagation, and the Most Recent Agricultural Improvements … 2d ed., rev.Improved. Vol. 1. London,: Caxton Press, 1826. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22325

Hill, John, Cesare Maioli, and Giovanni Generoso Salomoni. Decade Di Alberi Curiosi Ed Eleganti Piante Delle Indie Orientali, e Dell’ America Ultimamente Fatte Gia’ Note. Roma : Nella Stamperia Salomoni, 1786. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.123996

Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Vol. 44. London., 1875. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94451.

Linné, Carl von. Hortus Cliffortianus : Plantas Exhibens Quas in Hortis Tam Vivis Quam Siccis, Hartecampi in Hollandia, Coluit … Georgius Clifford … Reductis Varietatibus Ad Species, Speciebus Ad Genera, Generibus Ad Classes, Adjectis Locis Plantarum Natalibus Differentiisque Specierum. Cum Tabulis Aeneis. Amstelaedami [Amsterdam]: [s.n.], 1737. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.690

Linné, Carl von. “Praelectiones in Ordines Naturales Plantarum.” Hamburgi : impensis Benj. Gottl. Hoffmanni (typis G. F. Schniebes), 1792. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/74201

Linné, Carl von. Systema vegetabilium: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus et differentiis. Dieterich, 1774. 335.

Linné, Carl von. “Mantissa Plantarum altera.” Holmiae : Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1771. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/71691

Juniper, B. E. The Carnivorous Plants. London ; San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.

Miller, Philip. “Figures of the Most Beautiful, Useful, and Uncommon Plants Described in the Gardeners Dictionary […] Vol. II.” London : Printed for the Author; And Sold by John Rivington in St. Paul’s Church-Yard, A. Millar, H. Woodfall, J. Whiston and B. White, J. Hinton, G. Hawkins, R. Baldwin, J. Richardson, W. Johnston, S. Crowder , P. Davey and B. Law, T. Caslon, […], 1755. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/74698

Mooney, James, and Frans M. Olbrechts. Swimmer Manuscript: Cherokee Sacred Formulas and Medicinal Prescriptions by James Mooney. Revised, Completed, and Edited by Frans M. Olbrechts. [Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 99.]. Vol. 71st Congress, nos. 581, serial set no. 9470, 581. United States Congressional Serial Set. Washington, DC, 1931.

Nooy-Palm, Hetty. The Sa’dan-Toraja: A Study of Their Social Life and Religion. Verhandelingen van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land-, En Volkenkunde. Martinus Nijhoff, 1979. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=og13-007

Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm. Beyträge Zur Botanik. Bremen : G.L. Förster, 1782. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.125404

Wandersee, James H., and Elisabeth E. Schussler. “Preventing Plant Blindness.” The American Biology Teacher 61, no. 2 (1999): 82–86. https://doi.org/10.2307/4450624

Withering, William, and Jonathan Stokes. A Botanical Arrangement of British Plants; Including the Uses of Each Species, in Medicine, Diet, Rural Economy and the Arts, with an Easy Introduction to the Study of Botany … 2nd ed. / illustrated by copper plates. Vol. 1. Birmingham : Printed by M. Swinney [& Walker for G.G.J. & J. Robinson, London], 1787. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.151683

Recommended Sites

eHRAF World Cultures

International Carnivorous Plants Society (ICPS)

Native American Ethnobotany Database

Plant Humanities Initiative

Wikipedia. “Carnivorous Plant.”

Notes

[1] Improving BHL as an ethnobotanical resource is an ongoing process, so some helpful external databases are included under “Recommended Sites.” Tracing the provenance of this knowledge is often difficult, especially in older ethnobotanical works that omit the names of Indigenous sources.

[2] Original German text:

“Herr Ellis äußert in seinem Briefe an den Ritter von Linne die Mutmaßung, daß die Natur bei der Bildung der Blätter der Dionaea, vielleicht einiges Absehen auf ihre Ernährung gehabt haben möge e). Der Herr Hofrath Schreber halt aber diese Mutmaßung für unglaublich, daß nämlich die Pflanze von den zwischen ihren Blättern zerdrückten Insekten einige Nahrung ziehe f). Es ist gewiß, daß wir nicht mit Gewissheit entscheiden sollen/ können sonnen, was der weise Schöpfer für Absichten gehabt habe, daß er diesen Pflanzen einen besonderen Bau und reizbare Eigenschaft gab, indessen glaube ich doch, daß man wohl nicht mit Unrecht annehmen sollte, daß der Bau und die Eigenschaft diesers Pflanzen dahin abzielen, um dadurch ihre Nahrung zur Erhaltung und Fortpflanzung ihrer Arten zu erhalten. Wir können ja nicht entscheiden, ob diese Pflanzen nicht vielleicht vor anderen es besonders nach ihrem Bau bedürfen, thierische Säfte zu ihrer Nahrung und Erhaltung zu haben? Zudem wissen wir ja, daß die Pflanzen vornehmlich in den Blättern auch solche Gefäße haben, durch welche sie aus der Luft fremde Theile zu ihrer Nahrung an sich ziehen, daß wie also an der Möglichkeit nicht Ursache haben, zu zweifeln.” (Roth 1782, 73)

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Editor’s Note

The original post used the term “plant blindness,” a widely used term in botany and plant conservation, to describe the human tendency to ignore the importance of plant-human interactions. BHL recognizes that it is ableist language, framing disability as needing to be cured, and does not adhere to our communications style guide.

For further consideration: McDonough MacKenzie, C, Kuebbing, S, Barak, RS, et al. We do not want to “cure plant blindness” we want to grow plant love. Plants, People, Planet. 2019; 1: 139– 141. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10062.